<p>Hohentwiel is an extinct volcano in the Hegau region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany The mountain is west of the city of Singen and 20 miles  from Lake Constance.</p><br>
<p>Hohentwiel began forming, along with the chain of volcanoes in the Hegau region, about 7–8 million years ago, when a layer of volcanic ash and stone was laid down. The magma consists of phonolite. In the following millions of years, the core was opened 260 metres beneath the surface by the glaciers from the ice age. This formed the core that is now exposed, after the ensuing millions of years of erosion.</p><br>
<p>The fortress, whose ruins are on top of Hohentwiel, was built in 914 using stone taken from the mountain by Burchard III, Duke of Swabia. Originally, the Monastery of St. Georg was within the fortress, but in 1005 it was moved to Stein am Rhein (now in Switzerland), and the Swabian dukes lost control of Hohentwiel.</p><br>
<p>In the later Middle Ages the noble families von Singen-Twiel (12th–13th centuries), von Klingen (to 1300) and von Klingenberg (to 1521) resided here. In 1521, it was passed on to Duke Ulrich von Württemberg, who developed Hohentwiel into one of the strongest fortresses of his duchy. During this time, it began to be used as a prison, and in 1526, Hans Müller von Bulgenbach, a peasant commander, was imprisoned there before he was executed.</p><br>
<p>The fortress resisted five Imperial sieges in the Thirty Years&#39; War, under the command of Konrad Widerholt between 1634 and 1648.</p><br>
<p>The effect was that Württemberg remained Protestant, while most of the surrounding areas returned to catholicism in the Counterreformation. The castle served as a Württemberg prison in the 18th century and was destroyed in 1800 after being peacefully handed over by the French. Today the former fortress Hohentwiel is the biggest castle ruin in Germany.</p><br>
<p>The modern city of Singen nestles at the foot of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Billy Mitchell is a volcano in the central part of the island of Bougainville, just north-east of the Bagana Volcano in Papua New Guinea. It is a small pyroclastic shield truncated by a 2 km wide caldera filled by a crater lake. It is named after Billy Mitchell, a 20th-century United States Army general who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force.</p><br>
<p>The last two major eruptions were in 1580 AD ± 20 years and about 1030 AD. They were among the largest Holocene eruptions in Papua New Guinea. Both were explosive eruptions with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of at least 5. The 1580 AD ± 20 years eruption produced pyroclastic flows and probably formed its caldera. The ignimbrite deposit from that eruption, which had a VEI of 6, extends 22 km from the caldera to the coast, and its volume is around 10 km3.</p><br>
<p>The Dog River is a small river in Oregon&#39;s Cascade Range and drains a few eastern foothills of Mount Hood. It is a tributary of East Fork Hood River and also contributes water for The Dalles and Hood River water systems.</p><br>
<p>It is approximately 8 miles (14 km) long and drains the most southeastern portion of the Hood River watershed.</p><br>
<p>It arises at High Prairie Spring at 6200 ft (1890 m) elevation at the foot of Lookout Mountain () and flows northward. It joins with Dog River Springs at 5080 ft (1545 m) and continues surprisingly straight northward considering the mountainous terrain. It meets The Dalles city waterworks gauging station and its diversionary aqueduct intake at 4260 ft (1300 m) then turns NW to Cooks Meadow then turns directly westward. There are several half mile long zigzags north and west before turning straight northward again through steep mountainous forest. It meets the East Fork Hood River at Highway 35 where it also meets Puppy Creek at elevation 2120 (), which is less than a mile upstream from Cat Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Dog River appears unsuitable for whitewater sports due to its low volume and restricted access for drinking water purposes.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s name comes from an early name for the Hood River, which was called the Dog River after a party of starving travelers resorting to eating dog meat.</p><br>
<p>Semerwater is the second largest natural lake in North Yorkshire, England, after Malham Tarn. It is half a mile  long, covers 100 acre and lies in Raydale, opposite England&#39;s shortest river the River Bain. A private pay and display parking area is at the foot of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Semerwater attracts canoers, windsurfers, yachtsmen and fishermen. There are three small settlements nearby:</p><br>
<p>Stalling Busk</p><br>
<p>Countersett</p><br>
<p>Marsett</p><br>
<p>Semerwater was the subject of a number of sketches and paintings by the artist J M W Turner.</p><br>
<p>Semerwater is a pleonastic place name. The name, first recorded in 1153, derives from the Old English elements sæ lake, mere lake and water. The form "Lake Semerwater" introduces a fourth element with the same meaning.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, first notified in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>The Legend</h2><br>
<p>According to an old legend, Semerwater was once occupied by a prosperous city. One night an old man (or in some versions, an angel in disguise) came down to the city, in search of food and drink. He went from door to door, and at each house he was turned away. Finally, he came to the hovel of a poor couple just outside the town; the couple took him in and treated him with great kindness.</p><br>
<p>When the stranger was about to leave, he turned to face the town and uttered the curse:</p><br>
<p>"Semerwater rise, and Semerwater sink,</p><br>
<p>And swallow the town all save this house,</p><br>
<p>Where they gave me food and drink."</p><br>
<p>An alternative version as told by locals</p><br>
<p>"Semerwater rise, Semerwater sink,</p><br>
<p>drown all the people In the village</p><br>
<p>except for this house which gave me meat".</p><br>
<p>And as soon as this was said, the waters of the lake rose up and flooded the village, drowning the proud inhabitants and leaving only the hovel of the poor couple on the hillside unscathed.</p><br>
<p>The legend was the subject of a poem, The Ballad of Semerwater, by Sir William Watson.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Semerwater was featured in the British television series All Creatures Great and Small, in the episode "Female of the Species".</p><br>
<p>Histria or Istros , was a Greek colony or polis  near the mouths of the Danube , on the western coast of the Black Sea. Histria is derived from the Latin word "Hister", meaning "Danube", the river the city was located near, and "-ia", a suffix added to a word to signify that it was a location or place, as in Gallia or Iberia. Altogether Histria means "On the Danube", "Located near  - The Danube". It was the first urban settlement on Romanian territory when founded by Milesian settlers in the 7th century BC. It was under Roman rule from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. Invasions during the 7th century AD rendered it indefensible, and the city was abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established by Milesian settlers in order to facilitate trade with the native Getae, it is considered the oldest urban settlement on Romanian territory. Scymnus of Chios (ca 110 BC), dated its founding to 630 BC, while Eusebius of Caesarea set it during the time of the 33rd Olympic Games (657 – 656 BC). The earliest documented currency on Romanian territory was an 8-gram silver drachma, issued by the city around 480 BC.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence seems to confirm that all trade with the interior followed the foundation of Histria. Traders reached the interior via Histria and the Danube valley, demonstrated by finds of Attic black-figure pottery, coins, ornamental objects, an Ionian lebes and many fragments of amphoras. Amphoras have been found in great quantity at Histria, some imported but some local. Local pottery was produced following establishment of the colony and certainly before the mid-6th century. During the archaic and classical periods, when Histria flourished, it was situated near fertile arable land. It served as a port of trade soon after its establishment, with fishing and agriculture as additional sources of income. By 100 AD, however, fishing had become the main source of Istrian revenue.</p><br>
<p>Around 30 AD, Histria came under Roman domination. During the Roman period from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, temples were built for the Roman gods, besides a public bath and houses for the wealthy. Altogether, it was in continuous existence for some 14 centuries, starting with the Greek period up to the Roman-Byzantine period. The Halmyris bay where was the city founded was closed by sand deposits and access to the Black Sea gradually was cut. Trade continued until the 6th century AD. The invasion of the Avars and the Slavs in the 7th century AD almost entirely destroyed the fortress, and the Istrians dispersed; the name and the city disappeared.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic setting</h2><br>
<p>Ancient Histria was situated on a peninsula, about 5 km east of the modern Romanian commune of Istria, on the Dobruja coast. The ancient seashore has since been transformed into the western shore of Sinoe Lake, as the Danube&#39;s silt deposits formed a shoal which closed off the ancient coastline. The current Sinoe Lake was at the time the open northern bay, while another bay on the southern shore served as the port. The acropolis with sanctuaries was established on the highest point of the coastal plain. The settlement itself, erected in the 6th century, was 1/2 mile (800 meters) to the west of the acropolis. The settlement had stone paved streets and was protected by strong wall. Water was collected along 12.5 mile (20 km) long aqueducts.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of the settlement were first identified in 1868 by French archaeologist Ernest Desjardins. Archaeological excavations were started by Vasile Pârvan in 1914, and continued after his death in 1927 by teams of archaeologists led successively by Scarlat and Marcelle Lambrino (1928–1943), Emil Condurachi (1949–1970), Dionisie Pippidi, Petre Alexandrescu and Alexandru Suceveanu. The Histria Museum, founded in 1982, exhibits some of these finds. The excavation project and site also features prominently in the film The Ister.</p><br>
<p>Archeological research in Histria managed to identify and classify several layers on site. The layer stratification can be divided primarily between the Archaic and Classical periods:</p><br>
<h2>Archaic Greek layers</h2><br>
<p>The ancient Greek city covered around 60 hectares. There are very few written references to the archaic city and archeological research provides the main historical resource. The main deity was Apollo Ietros (The Healer). Zeus (Gr. Polieus) was the protector deity of the city and Aphrodita was also confirmed by archeological research. Historians believe all six Milesian tribes (Greek: phylai) were represented in the colony, yet only four tribes are attested to: the Aigikoreis, Argadeis, Boreis and Geleontes. The only clue concerning the government of the city was given by Aristotle in Politica. Thanks to his comment, it is clear that the first government of Histria was an oligarchy. From an economic point of view, the town was developed around port-related activities.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic Greek layer I (630–600 BC)</h3><br>
<p>In around 600 BC, Histria suffered its first destruction.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic Greek layer II (600–550 BC)</h3><br>
<p>During this period a new city wall was built around the city, probably in connection with the frequent raids of the scythians.</p><br>
<p>Probably the Acropolis started to be defended by a wall.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic Greek layer III (550–500 BC)</h3><br>
<p>Another destruction of the city has taken place, probably in 512 BC, when Darius I undertook a war against the Scythians.</p><br>
<p>It is still unclear if this fact is connected to the Persian expedition led by Darius or to the Scythians followers of the Persian army during the retreat.</p><br>
<h2>Classical Greek layers</h2><br>
<p>During the classical period, there was continuity in the cults of Apollo Ietros; Zeus (Gr. Polieus) and Aphrodita. A new wall with a single tower was erected. During the classical period many written sources describe the political organisation of the area.</p><br>
<p>The Odrysian kingdom was involved in fighting with the Scythians ruled by Ariapeithes and Histria was situated between the two kingdoms. Due to that, most probably, Histria town was forced to join the Delian League. In the 5th century BC, these colonies were under the influence of the Delian League, passing in this period from oligarchy to democracy. From an economic point of view it was during this era that the first Histrian coins were minted: a didrachma, oboli and bronze coins.</p><br>
<h3>Classical Greek layer I (500–425 BC)</h3><br>
<p>The town was flourishing in the period of Athens&#39;s Peloponnesian Wars when the Athenian fleet came to the Greek colonies placed on the shores of the Pontos Euxeinos (Black Sea) to collect the contributions for the Delian Treasure (Thucydides).</p><br>
<p>A new wall that was defending the histrian Acropolis was erected, probably in connection with the democratic "revolution" that Aristotle is speaking about in The Politics (cap. 5), relating about the change of the histrian Constitution, evolving from oligarchy to democracy.</p><br>
<h3>Classical Greek layer II (425–350 BC)</h3><br>
<p>The town was dismantled for a second time in the 4th century BC, during the war between the Scythian king Ateas and Macedonian king Philip II.</p><br>
<h2>Hellenistic layers</h2><br>
<p>During the Hellenistic period, there was continuity in the cult of Apollo Ietros, Zeus (Gr. Polieus) and Aphrodita. A new temple for a grand deity was built. There is also evidence of the cult of Athena, Poseidon, Helikonios, Taurios, Demetra, Hermes Agoraios, Heracles, Asclepios, Dioscurii and others. A new wall also appears, protecting a 10 ha area. During the Hellenistic period Histria had become an important supplier of grain for Greece. However, the economic power of Histria was represented by trade. In the Hellenistic period, the gymnasium and the theater were erected.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic layer I (350–300 BC)</h3><br>
<p>The town was once again destroyed around 339 BC. During the period 313–309 BC, a rebellion of Pontic towns took place. Miletus however awarded Histrians equal political rights, or so-called isopoliteia.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic layer II (300–175 BC)</h3><br>
<p>Around 260 BC, Byzantium was involved in a dispute with Histria and Callatis (modern Mangalia) over Tomis emporion (Εμπόριον, market) (i.e. modern Constanţa). Another destruction of the city, somewhere around 175 BC, was most probably wreaked by Bastarni passing through after being called upon by Macedonian king Philip V or Perseus to reinforce the army.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic layer III (175–100 BC)</h3><br>
<p>Mithridates installed a military garrison in Histria, which probably caused the third destruction of the city in the Hellenistic period. During the rule of Mithridates staters are minted in Histria.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic layer IV (100–20 BC)</h3><br>
<p>Burebista arrived in Dobruja.</p><br>
<p>(Gaius Antonius Hybrida)...while governor of Macedonia, had inflicted many injuries upon the subject territory as well as upon that which was in alliance with Rome, and had suffered many disasters in return. 2 For after ravaging the possessions of the Dardanians and their neighbours, he did not dare to await their attack, but pretending to retire with his cavalry for some other purpose, took to flight; in this way the enemy surrounded his infantry and forcibly drove them out of the country, even taking away their plunder from them. 3 When he tried the same tactics on the allies in Moesia, he was defeated near the city of the Istrians by the Bastarnian Scythians who came to their aid; and thereupon he ran away...</p><br>
<p>The Hellenistic period was ended by Marcus Antonius who was in charge of the eastern Roman government, and was defeated by Octavian at Actium.</p><br>
<h2>Roman layers</h2><br>
<h3>Early Roman layer IA (30–100 AD)</h3><br>
<p>Continuous with the Hellenistic period. A new thermae (Thermae I) was built. This period is considered by historians, thanks to two inscribed artifacts, as the second founding of the city.</p><br>
<h3>Early Roman layer IB (100–170 AD)</h3><br>
<p>In around 170 AD, a part of the town was destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>Early Roman layer IC (170–250 AD)</h3><br>
<p>The town suffered serious destruction from which it never recovered. The main theory is that it was destroyed by a Gothic invasion. Another theory presumes that the town was destroyed in an earthquake.</p><br>
<h3>Late Roman layers IIA (after 250 AD)</h3><br>
<p>Late Roman layer IIB</p><br>
<p>Late Roman layer IIIA</p><br>
<p>Late Roman layer IIIB</p><br>
<p>Late Roman layer IVA</p><br>
<p>Late Roman layer IVB</p><br>
<p>Late Roman layer VA</p><br>
<p>Late Roman layer VB</p><br>
<h2>Bulgarian period (9th and 10th centuries)</h2><br>
<p>Bulgars arrived in Scythia Minor in the late 7th century. Today in the Histria Museum many Bulgarian ceramics form the 9th and 10th centuries can be seen but they are not attributed to Bulgarians by Romanian archeologist. The medieval period of occupation of Histria unlike the Greek and Roman periods is labelled just as "feudalism" without any ethnic attribution.</p><br>
<p>Harker Lake is a shallow glacial lake located in Kidder County, North Dakota, United States. It is 5 km south-southeast of the town of Dawson, North Dakota, and 80.5 km east of the state capital, Bismarck. The lake is entirely surrounded by the wetlands and marshes of the Slade National Wildlife Refuge, and public access is limited. It is very marshy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the marshes and wetlands south of the town of Dawson, North Dakota support a large quantity of migratory waterfowl, which have attracted hunters. George Theron Slade, Third Vice President of the Northern Pacific Railroad, enjoyed hunting game birds in the area. In 1924, he began purchasing land around Harker Lake for the use of a private shooting club. Slade invested a considerable sum into improving the land with the aim of making it more attractive for waterfowl. Improvements included planting and harvesting a limited amount of organically-grown grain to provide bird feed, and a well capable of pumping 60,500 liters (16,000 gallons) of water per hour to keep the lake level from falling during drought. In 1940, Slade donated the land to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which used the land to establish the Slade National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Harker Lake is used by waterfowl approximately nine months out of the year. The most common species to be found include Canada geese, mallards, snow geese, ring-necked pheasants, sharp-tailed grouse, and Hungarian partridges. White-tailed deer are common around the lake, and some coyotes live in the area. A majority of the grasslands around the perimeter of the lake are introduced grasses and legumes.</p><br>
<p>Lummi Island lies at the southwest corner of Whatcom County, Washington, United States, between the mainland part of the county and offshore San Juan County. The Lummi Indian Reservation is situated on a peninsula east of the island, but does not include Lummi Island. The island has a land area of 23.97 km&sup2; and had a population of 822 as of the 2000 census. The population nearly doubles in summer when property owners from both Canada and the USA arrive for summer fun and relaxation.</p><br>
<p>The island is accessible by a 22-car ferry, the Whatcom Chief, run by Whatcom County Public Works. It is a 6-minute passage from Gooseberry Point on the mainland to the island. Facilities on the island include one general store, two restaurants, several bed and breakfast houses, a small library, post office, fire station, one church, a Salvation Army camp, and a vintage 1919 elementary school. The Beach Store Cafe is a popular local hangout with a small bar, and serves seafood and traditional café fare. The Willows Inn serves more expensive fare, featuring seasonal treats from island farms and fishers. The historic Lummi Island Congregational Church has a quiet, wooded cemetery. Lummi Island is best known for its unique reefnet salmon fishery, eclectic population of artists, picturesque seascapes, and rural setting. Its narrow, scenic and winding roads are popular with bicyclers. A trail to Lummi Mountain takes hikers through the Baker Preserve to stunning high views of the San Juan and Gulf islands. The trail is maintained by the Lummi Island Heritage Trust.</p><br>
<p>Public education for island residents is provided by the Ferndale School District. It operates one elementary school (K-5) on the island, Beach Elementary School. Middle and high school students attend schools on the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was originally called Sa nam a o ("High Mountain") and Skallaham by the native Lummi people. In 1792 Spanish explorers dubbed it Isla de Pacheco, and British colonists later called it McLoughlin Island. In 1853, the USA National Geodetic Survey charted the island as Lummi, naming it after the local tribe. Later British and Americans adopted this term. When the explorers saw upon arrival and whence the tribe also took their name, Some theories suggest the name was derived from a Lummi-language word.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s post office was established by the United States government in 1882. At that time the town was called "Beach, Washington," which was the name of the town. Today Island mail is addressed to "Lummi Island, Washington", though the Beach School and Beach Store Cafe retain the "Beach" community name.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The island hosts a weekly farmers&#39; market in the spring and summer, a chili festival in mid-July, and a Christmas party for island children.</p><br>
<p>Lummi Island is home to numerous artists who conduct studio tours on Memorial Day weekend, Labor Day weekend, and the second weekend in November.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, with wet winters and dry summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lummi Island has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>Upper Harker Lake is a shallow glacial lake located in Kidder County, North Dakota, United States. It is 4.6 km south-southeast of the town of Dawson, North Dakota, and 81.2 km east of the state capital, Bismarck. The lake is entirely surrounded by the wetlands and marshes of the Slade National Wildlife Refuge, and public access is limited.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the marshes and wetlands south of the town of Dawson, North Dakota support a large quantity of migratory waterfowl, which have attracted hunters. George Theron Slade, Third Vice President of the Northern Pacific Railroad, enjoyed hunting game birds in the area. In 1924, he began purchasing land around Upper Harker Lake for the use of a private shooting club. Slade invested a considerable sum into improving the land with the aim of making it more attractive for waterfowl. Improvements included planting and harvesting a limited amount of organically-grown grain to provide bird feed, and a well capable of pumping 60,500 liters (16,000 gallons) of water per hour to keep the lake level from falling during drought. In 1940, Slade donated the land to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which used the land to establish the Slade National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Upper Harker Lake is used by waterfowl approximately nine months out of the year. The most common species to be found include Canada geese, mallards, snow geese, ring-necked pheasants, sharp-tailed grouse, and Hungarian partridges. White-tailed deer are common around the lake, and some coyotes live in the area. A majority of the grasslands around the perimeter of the lake are introduced grasses and legumes.</p><br>
<p>The River Nadder is one of the chalk stream rivers of southern England, much sought after by fly fishermen because of its clear waters and abundance of brown trout. It is one of the main tributaries of the Salisbury Avon, rising from a number of springs and small streams at Donhead St Mary in south Wiltshire.</p><br>
<p>The river winds its way east-northeast, heading towards the medieval cathedral city of Salisbury. It flows through Tisbury, Upper Chicksgrove, Lower Chicksgrove, Barford St Martin, and Burcombe before reaching Wilton, where it passes through the grounds of Wilton House and is joined by the River Wylye. After passing Quidhampton and Harnham, where it forms watermeadows, the Nadder joins the Avon near Salisbury Cathedral.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sunapee  is a 5 mi mountain ridge in the towns of Newbury and Goshen in western New Hampshire, United States. Its highest peak, at the north end of the mountain, is 2,726 ft above sea level. The mountain has three secondary peaks, White Ledges at; North Peak at; and South Peak at. The north end of the mountain, including the summit, is within Mount Sunapee State Park, which encompasses 3.85 square miles and is home to the popular Mount Sunapee Resort. The mountain extends south to Pillsbury State Park in the towns of Goshen and Washington.</p><br>
<p>The entire mountain ridge is traversed by the Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway, a hiking trail that links the summit of Sunapee with that of Mount Monadnock, 50 mi to the south in the town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire. Also crossing the summit in an east-west route is a section of the Sunapee-Ragged-Kearsarge Greenway, a 75 mi trail linking ten towns in west-central New Hampshire as it circles the Lake Sunapee region and crosses the summits of the three mountains for which it is named. The two Greenway trails meet at Lake Solitude and use the same trail to the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The ridgeline of Sunapee Mountain forms the divide between the Merrimack River and Connecticut River watersheds. Lake Solitude, a 6 acre body of water, lies just 0.2 mi southeast of the White Ledges summit, at an elevation of 2,510 ft. The lake flows into Andrew Brook, a tributary of the Warner River in the Merrimack River watershed. Farther south along the ridge, the east slopes of the mountain drain via the West Branch of the Warner River into the Warner and Merrimack rivers.</p><br>
<p>The northern and western sides of the mountain drain to the Connecticut River. Johnson Brook flows down the north slopes of the mountain, entering Lake Sunapee, the outlet of which (the Sugar River) flows west to the Connecticut in Claremont. On the western slopes of the mountain, Gunnison Brook, Blood Brook, and Baker Brook flow to the South Branch of the Sugar River. The southwestern end of the mountain drains via Cherry Brook into the headwaters of the Ashuelot River, which reaches the Connecticut River near the Massachusetts border.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Snow skiing and snowboard riding are popular winter activities at Mount Sunapee Resort & Ski Area. The ski area lies within Mount Sunapee State Park, but in 1998 the state leased the 968 acre ski area of the park to be operated by Tim and Dianne Mueller, who own Okemo Mountain Resort. New lifts were added in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The state park&#39;s extensive trail system is used in all seasons for hiking and in winter for snowshoeing. The park is linked to Pillsbury State Park and southern New Hampshire by the 50 mi Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway and to the ten-town Lake Sunapee region by the 75 mi "emerald necklace" of the Sunapee-Ragged-Kearsarge (SRK) Greenway which connects Mt. Sunapee to Wadleigh State Park in Sutton and to Winslow and Rollins State Parks on Mount Kearsarge in Warner and Wilmot. From the ski area parking, the Summit Trail travels 2 mi along the western slope to the summit, where it meets the Solitude Trail for a 1 mi walk to Lake Solitude and White Ledges. The Solitude Trail then links to several trails, notably the popular Andrew Brook Trail and the steeper Newbury Trail, both heading eastward, and to the M-S Greenway as it heads south along Sunapee Mountain toward Pillsbury State Park.</p><br>
<p>Synnada  was an ancient town of Phrygia Salutaris in Asia Minor. Its site is now occupied by the modern Turkish town of Şuhut, in Afyonkarahisar Province.</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>Synnada was situated in the south-eastern part of eastern Phrygia, or Parorea, thus named because it extended to the foot of the mountains of Pisidia, at the extremity of a plain about 60 stadia in length, and covered with olive plantations.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Synnada is said to have been founded by Acamas who went to Phrygia after the Trojan war and took some Macedonian colonists. It enters written history when the Roman consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso passed through that city on his expeditions against the Galatians (189 BCE). After having belonged to the kingdom of the Attalids, it became the capital of a district of the province of Asia, except on two occasions during the last century of the Roman Republic when it was temporarily attached to Cilicia. Under Diocletian at the time of the creation of Phrygia Pacatiana, Synnada, at the intersection of two great roads, became the metropolis (capital). In Strabo&#39;s time it was still a small town, but when Pliny wrote it was an important place, being the conventus juridicus for the whole of the surrounding country. Cicero mentions that he passed through Synnada on his way from Ephesus to Cilicia. The city was celebrated throughout the Roman Empire on account of the trade in a beautiful kind of marble, which came from nearby quarries and was commonly called Synnadic marble, though it came properly from a place in the neighborhood, Docimia, whence it was more correctly called Docimites lapis. This marble was of a light color, interspersed with purple spots and veins. Under Diocletian at the time of the creation of Phrygia Pacatiana, Synnada, at the intersection of two great roads, became the metropolis (capital). On its coins, which disappear after the reign of Gallienus, its inhabitants call themselves Dorians and Ionians. Under Ottoman rule it became the city of Schifout Kassaba, situated five hours south of Afyonkarahisar, in the vilayet of Broussa.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Christianity was introduced at an early date into Synnada. The Martyrologium Hieronymianum mentions several of its martyrs, such as St. Trophimus, honoured by the Latin (Catholic) and Greek (Orthodox) Churches on 19 September. A reliquary in the form of a sarcophagus containing some of the bones of this martyr has been discovered at Schifout Kassaba and transported to the museum at Prussa or Bursa; this monument may date back to the 3rd century. Eusebius of Caesarea speaks of its pious bishop Atticus who entrusted to the layman Theodore the duty of instructing the Christians.</p><br>
<p>About 230-235 a council on the rebaptizing of heretics was held there. St. Agapetus, mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on 24 March as Bishop of Synnada, belonged to Synaus.</p><br>
<p>For a list of other bishops see Le Quien, Oriens christianus, I, 827. Mention must be made of:</p><br>
<p>Procopius (321); Cyriacus, friend of St. John Chrysostom</p><br>
<p>Theodosius and his competitor Agapetus, at first a Macedonian heretic</p><br>
<p>Severus (431)</p><br>
<p>Marinianus (448-51)</p><br>
<p>Theogenes (536)</p><br>
<p>Severus (553)</p><br>
<p>St. Pausicacus, during the reign of Emperor Maurice, honoured by the Greek Church on 13 May</p><br>
<p>Cosmas, 680</p><br>
<p>John, adversary of the iconoclasts in the time of Patriarch St. Germanus</p><br>
<p>St. Michael, honoured by the Latin and Greek churches 23 May, died 23 May, 826, in exile for his zeal in defending the worship of images</p><br>
<p>Peter under Patriarch Photius</p><br>
<p>John under Photius</p><br>
<p>Pantaleon under Leo the Wise</p><br>
<p>Leo under Basil II</p><br>
<p>Nicetas in 1082</p><br>
<p>Georgios at the Council of St. Sophia, about 1450, if one can believe the apocryphal Acts of this council, which perhaps never occurred.</p><br>
<p>The last Bishop of Synnada spoken of in the documents, without mentioniong his name, probably lived under John Cantacuzenus (see "Cantacuz. Hist.", III, 73) and probably never lived at Synnada on account of the Turkish conquest.</p><br>
<p>St. Constantine, a converted Jew of Synnada, lived in the 10th century; he became a monk, and is honoured by the Greek Church 26 December.</p><br>
<p>In 1385 the see was committed for the Greek Church to the Metropolitan of Philadelphia. The metropolitan see of Synnada continues to be included in the list of titular sees recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1963 it was assigned to Marcel-François Lefebvre, who later became a traditionalist Catholic dissident. Since the Second Vatican Council no new appointments have been made to this eastern titular see.</p><br>
<h3>Titular Bishops</h3><br>
<p>Pedro Rafael González y Calixto † (15 Jun 1893 Appointed – 14 Jul 1893 Succeeded, Archbishop of Quito)</p><br>
<p>Henri-Victor Altmayer, O.P. † (28 Aug 1902 Appointed – 12 Nov 1930 Died)</p><br>
<p>José Belisario Santistevan Seoane † (22 Nov 1930 Appointed – 30 Mar 1931 Died)</p><br>
<p>Giacomo Ghio † (20 Oct 1931 Appointed – 4 Nov 1935 Died)</p><br>
<p>Ildebrando Antoniutti † (19 May 1936 Appointed – 24 May 1962 Appointed, Cardinal-Priest of San Sebastiano alle Catacombe)</p><br>
<p>Marcel-François Lefebvre, C.S.Sp. † (7 Aug 1962 Appointed – 10 Dec 1970 Resigned)</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Mahonia Hall is the official residence of the Governor of Oregon, located in Oregons capital city Salem. The building was acquired by the state in 1988 with private donations. It is also known as the T. A. Livesley House or Thomas and Edna Livesley Mansion, after its original owners. The house was renamed Mahonia Hall after the scientific name of the Oregon-grape, Mahonia aquifolium, Oregons state flower. A naming contest was held by The Oregonian in 1988, and Eric Johnson, a 13-year-old from Salem, came up with the winning entry. Other finalists were The Eyrie, Trail&#39;s End, The Oregon House, and The Cascade House. Governor Neil Goldschmidt and his family were the first official residents.</p><br>
<p>The half-timber Tudor-style mansion was designed and built in 1924 by Ellis F. Lawrence, the founder of the University of Oregon School of Architecture, for hop farmer Thomas A. Livesley. The structure includes a ballroom on the third floor, a pipe organ, a wine cellar, and formal gardens &mdash; all of which were part of the original design. The home has 10,000 ft&sup2; of space.</p><br>
<p>Prasonisi  cape is a part of the island of Rhodes. It is located 92 km from Rhodes town; 40 km from Lindos, at the southern-west part of Rhodes.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Prasonisi is the Greek word for "green island". During summer time, and when water levels are low enough, this island is a peninsula attached to Rhodes. During the winter time, and when water levels are high enough, Prasonisi becomes an island. The southernmost tip of Prasonisi contains the Prassonissi Lighthouse. The closest Greek village is Kattavia; however, there is a purpose-built settlement on Prasonisi that contains motels, convenience stores, restaurants, and windsurf rentals which are open seasonally. Near Prasonisi is Vroulia, an ancient settlement that contains an old mosaic tiled floor.</p><br>
<h2>Watersports</h2><br>
<p>Prasonisi is noted to be a good place for windsurfing and kitesurfing due to predictable and reliable winds with certain qualities (not gusty, constant direction and during particular times of the day). From one side of the cape there is the Aegean Sea with good waves and views for advanced surfers. From the other side, there is the Mediterranean Sea with flat water which is better suited for beginners. The area has its high season for tourists in July and August and the flat side of the water becomes very busy.</p><br>
<h2>Prasonisi Environmental Deterioration</h2><br>
<p>Due to the big number of tourists that gather there, Prasonisi has lost its pristine beauty and there is great evidence of environmental damage. Visitors (mostly tourists) used to drive all around the beach with scooters and cars. As such, the sand has a solid feeling now and it is almost like concrete at certain parts of the beach although this is changing since the creation of a line that cannot be crossed by vehicles. The protected turtle known as Caretta caretta used to hide its eggs at the specific region but this rarely happens anymore due to the lack of environmental management of the territory. For this reason rigorous protective measures have to be undertaken to protect virgin nature landscapes and ancient archaeological sites in the area.</p><br>
<p>The local authorities have been unable to organise any services or take the appropriate steps to ensure the preservation of the area. Large motor homes are allowed onto certain areas of the sandbar without any charged fees which could have been a source of revenue to provide services such as sanitary, water etc. to the motor home users and other Prasonisi visitors.</p><br>
<p>Waulud&#39;s Bank is a possible Neolithic henge in Leagrave, Bedfordshire dating from 3,000BC.</p><br>
<p>The Wauluds Bank earthworks are in the North of Luton and are situated on the edge of Leagrave common, with Leagrave Village centre to the south east and the nearby Marsh Farm Estate to the west. The River Lea runs alongside on the western side, its source located within the vicinity of the surrounding marsh. Archaeological excavations in 1953, 1971 and 1982 date the site to around 3000 BC, in the Neolithic period, although there was evidence of earlier mesolithic hunter/fisher activity in the immediate area. The D shape of the earthwork is almost identical to that of Marden in Wiltshire, both sites have a river forming one side, and each produced neolithic grooved-ware pottery. Wauluds Bank lies on a glacial ridge near which runs the prehistoric Icknield Way. Initially it was probably a domestic enclosure used for cattle herding. It has been suggested that it later became a henge monument, although the position of its surrounding ditch outside its timber-faced bank would be unusual. Evidence suggests that the site was briefly re-used in the Iron Age, during the Roman occupation and in medieval times.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure consists of a bank and external ditch of around 7 hectares with a turf-reveted chalk and gravel bank faced by a wooden stockade. No entrances have been identified. Most external features have been destroyed by a 19th-century gravel quarry on the south, the Marsh Farm Estate and the irresponsible dumping of tons of chalk and top-soil along the eastern side during building construction in the 1970s. Geophysical surveys in July 1985 and January 2009 failed to reveal any very positive indications of internal features.</p><br>
<p>The bank still stands 2.6 m high in places and on the north side the excavated ditch was 9.2 m wide and 2.1 m deep. Finds included neolithic pottery, animal bones and flint arrow heads (some are on display at Stockwood Heritage Centre,Luton Museum).</p><br>
<p>The building at the edge of Waulud&#39;s Bank was a one time farmhouse called Marsh Farm House, the occupants of which owned the area that later became the Marsh Farm Estate.</p><br>
<h2>Myths and legends</h2><br>
<p>The source of the River Lea is known as the Five-Springs and lies in the north-west corner of Wauluds Bank. According to legend, the Celtic god Lug (or Lud or Lyg) presided over the springs.</p><br>
<p>Lug is the Celtic god of light, and the name Lea may be derived from this name. The town now known as Luton is named after this river which may mean the river of the god Lugus. Ton is an Anglo-Saxon name for a town or large settlement. So Luton could mean "the town on the river of Lugus", although this is speculation.</p><br>
<p>The English Heritage record claims that Waulud may be a corruption of the name Wayland (the smith) who was a Norse god, also known as Wolund, Weyland or Weland (see also Wayland&#39;s Smithy).</p><br>
<p>The record also mentions that "some early writers" believed Wauluds Bank to be a place called Lygeanburgh (the similarly sounding Limbury meaning a fortified place on the river Lea is nearby). This was one of four settlements mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle captured by Cuthwulf, (Prince of Wessex) in 571. Lygeanburgh and Limbury were almost certainly the same place, but so far there has been no excavated evidence to link them directly with Wauluds Bank.</p><br>
<p>There are no foundations for rumours that a substantial Roman villa once existed in Bramingham Road which borders Waulud&#39;s Bank. As mentioned above the site is close to the point where the prehistoric Icknield Way fords the river Lea, and about 5 mi in distance from Watling Street in Dunstable - also connected with Roman history.</p><br>
<p>Mount Merbabu  is a dormant stratovolcano in Central Java province on the Indonesian island of Java. The name Merbabu could be loosely translated as Mountain of Ash from the Javanese combined words; Meru means "mountain" and awu or abu means "ash".</p><br>
<p>The active volcano Mount Merapi is directly adjacent on its south-east side, while the city of Salatiga is located on its northern foothills. A 1,500m high broad saddle lies between Merbabu and Merapi, the site of the village of Selo, Java and highly fertile farming land.</p><br>
<p>There are two peaks; Syarif (3,119 m) and Kenteng Songo (3,145 m). Three U-shaped radial valleys extend from the Kenteng Songo summit in northwesterly, northeastly and southeastly directions.</p><br>
<p>Two known moderate eruptions occurred in 1560 and 1797. The 1797 event was rated 2: Explosive, on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. An unconfirmed eruption may have occurred in 1570.</p><br>
<p>Geologically recent eruptions originated from a North Northwest-South Southeast fissure system that cut across the summit and fed the large-volume lava flows from Kopeng and Kajor craters on the northern and southern flanks, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Merbabu can be climbed from several routes originating from the town of Kopeng on the north east sideside, and also from Selo on the southern side. A climb from Kopeng to Kenteng Songo takes between 8 and 10 hours.</p><br>
<p>An area of 57 km² at the mountain has been declared a national park in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Kaaterskill High Peak  is one of the Catskill Mountains, located in the Town of Hunter in Greene County, New York, United States. It was once believed to be the highest peak in the entire range, but its summit, at 3,655 feet  in elevation, places it only 23rd among the Catskill High Peaks. It is, however, the fourth most prominent peak in the range. Due to its situation as the easternmost High Peak, it is also the only one completely outside the watersheds of New York City&#39;s reservoirs in the region.</p><br>
<p>Along with Round Top to the west, its distinctive ridgeline is a visual signature of the Catskills. Even today, it dominates the view of the range from the Hudson Valley. In the early 19th century, it was a frequent subject of works by Thomas Cole and other artists of the Hudson River school. Their works helped establish the Catskill Mountain House and other hotels around North-South Lake as the fashionable summer vacation spot for wealthy Americans of the era.</p><br>
<p>Despite that popularity, the mountain was admired from afar more often than it was climbed. Although it boasts the earliest recorded ascent of any Catskill peak, today it seems somewhat neglected, lacking an official trail to its summit. However, a well-used path does exist, and perhaps because of the light use the mountain gets it is very popular with the area&#39;s serious hikers, due to the views available from Hurricane Ledge south of the summit, and several other points of interest in the vicinity of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Originally, High Peak and Round Top had each other&#39;s names, due to the clear difference in topography between their summits. However, since what was called Round Top is clearly the higher of the two, confusion developed over which of the two peaks was really "High Peak". In the late 19th century, the higher peak officially became High Peak and the lower one Round Top. The "Kaaterskill" is from the nearby creek and clove, in order to distinguish it from other "High Peaks" and "Round Tops" in the range.</p><br>
<p>In the latter years of the 18th century, the peak was known as Liberty Cap for its similarity to the Phrygian cap popular during the American and French revolutions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>High Peak stands slightly apart from other major peaks in the Catskills, squarely in the middle of the Catskill Escarpment, the sudden rise of the peaks from the Hudson Valley floor. From the valley, it is easy to understand how it came to be seen as the highest peak in the Catskills, since there are no higher peaks close to it. It is bracketed by the only two gaps in the Escarpment — Platte Clove to the south and Kaaterskill Clove to the north.</p><br>
<p>As a mountain High Peak is somewhat unusual. Its slopes are spread out and rise gently for some distance, then a bit more steeply, to the summit dome, which is surrounded by rock cliffs at about 3,500 feet (1,067 m) in elevation. Above them the ground again curves gently upward to the summit, roughly at the dome&#39;s center.</p><br>
<p>Drainage from the north flows into Kaaterskill Creek, from the south to Plattekill Creek, both of which reach the Hudson River shortly afterwards without any major impoundment.</p><br>
<p>While High Peak is not among the highest Catskill peaks, because of its distance from other major peaks it ranks fourth in topographic prominence, after Slide Mountain, Hunter Mountain and Black Dome. High Peak&#39;s summit rises 1,775 feet (541 m) from the lowest elevation contour line that encircles it.</p><br>
<h3>Round Top</h3><br>
<p>The former High Peak, now Round Top, is an approximately 3,440-foot (1,049-m) summit located roughly a mile (1.6 km) west of High Peak&#39;s summit. While its distance and vertical separation from the col between the two qualify it as a separate peak entirely, it remains strongly enough associated with High Peak that it is often treated as its lower summit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent of Kaaterskill High Peak took place on July 26, 1793, when Peter DeLaBigarre, a French "agent" and frequent visitor to the nearby Clermont estate of Chancellor Robert Livingston, who published him regularly in Transactions, the journal of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufactures. One of DeLaBigarres accounts in 1794 described his adventures in the Catskills the year before. Most of his narrative was given over to a springtime trip to Overlook Mountain and North-South Lake, but on the later day he records that he brought a "natural philosopher" friend along with a barometer and climbed "Round Top", which he believed to be the highest Catskill peak, renaming it Liberty Cap in honor of the political change in his homeland. The companion determined the mountains summit to be 3,549 feet (1,082 m) above sea level, only about 106 feet (32 m) short of its accepted elevation today. This is the earliest recorded climb of any Catskill High Peak.</p><br>
<p>His visit and account laid the groundwork for the early years of the next century, when a young Thomas Cole would visit the Catskill Mountain House and devote much of his groundbreaking Hudson River School paintings to depictions of the Catskill wilderness. High Peak, visible from the Mountain House as well as from the studio and home he built in Catskill, would frequently show up in the background. The popularity of his art in turn brought more guests to the Mountain House (and later, the Kaaterskill and Laurel hotels) to see it for themselves.</p><br>
<p>One of those visitors, Princeton geography professor Arnold Henry Guyot, spent much of his summers in the early 1870s striking out to other mountains in the region. He easily became convinced that High Peak was not, as the hoteliers claimed, the high peak of the Catskills. His candidates turned first to other popular local suspects such as Black Dome (known as "Black Top" at the time), then Hunter Mountain and finally to Slide Mountain, in an inland area to the southwest known at the time as the Shandaken Mountains and dismissed by the hotelkeepers as a different range entirely.</p><br>
<p>He brought his surveying equipment and assistants along, and wound up producing the first accurate map of the Catskill Mountains. Slide&#39;s 4,180 feet (1,277 m) put it well above High Peak, now consigned to 23rd on his list (he would also pioneer the switch in names between High Peak and Round Top, once he had established which was higher) The resort owners protested and tried to discredit his findings, but they were solid and by 1879 other surveyors had confirmed them. When New York established its Forest Preserve several years later, a delegation from the state forestry board commemorated the event by climbing Slide, not High Peak. A privately owned observation tower and neighboring two-story building were built on the summit in the late 19th century, but seem to have been removed sometime around state acquisition of the property two decades later.</p><br>
<p>Attention paid to the mountain dwindled, and even today it has no officially maintained trail over its summit, though the "unofficial" Twilight Trail remains well-used and is blazed along most its length. In 1921 both High Peak and Round Top were added to the Forest Preserve.</p><br>
<p>The south slope of the mountain has seen some development and habitation over the years. A former New York City Police Department camp near the top of Platte Clove was proposed as a site for a prison when it was abandoned in the 1970s, but the plan was dropped after local opposition. Today it is one of the Bruderhof Communities. There are still some private landholdings in the area.</p><br>
<p>A half-mile (1 km) horse-drawn railroad was once constructed on the south slopes below the col, following the brook by Byrne Road, to haul logs out of the area. Remnants of its steel-topped wooden rails can still be found.</p><br>
<p>On the north slope, at the precarious head of Kaaterskill Clove, is the community of Twilight Park.</p><br>
<p>Two small airplanes have crashed on the mountain in the later years of the 20th century. One of them, on May 26, 1983, killed a Watertown man, Rex Miller, when he flew his Piper-28-140 into the mountain at about 3,400 ft in bad weather while attempting to return home from Poughkeepsie. The remains of his airplane (as well as his shoe) can still be found.</p><br>
<p>The small Cortina Valley ski area, started in 1975 tried to make a go of it under several different ownerships on the northwestern slope of Round Top, but went out of business for good around 2000. The three trails still remain.</p><br>
<p>At some point, the state built a snowmobile loop around both peaks, starting at the top of Platte Clove and leveling out at 3,200 feet (975 m). However, it sees little snowmobiler use even in the most severe winters. Recent proposed changes to the Catskill State Land Master Plan could result in the end of this designation.</p><br>
<p>More of the mountain has been added to the Forest Preserve over the years. It is managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as part of the Kaaterskill Wild Forest management unit in Catskill Park.</p><br>
<h2>Natural environment</h2><br>
<p>Typically for the Catskills, High Peak and much of the state land around it are covered with a northern-hardwood slope forest in which beech, birch and maple predominate. The summit dome of both High Peak and Round Top are likewise home to a boreal forest of balsam fir and red spruce, with paper birch as a deciduous associate species. Despite the heavy development of the mountain, much of the forest above 3,000 feet (914 m) is first-growth.</p><br>
<p>Spruce, fir and pines also predominate in an area called Pine Plains, roughly due east and east-northeast of the summit, just below 3,000 ft near high ground along the Escarpment. Poor drainage here gives these species opportunities they would not otherwise have at that point. It remains wet and muddy even through dry weather, and in late spring it is often one of the best places to see some of the wildflower species of the Catskills, such as trillium and clintonia.</p><br>
<h2>Approaches</h2><br>
<p>Two approaches to the mountain are used for almost all trips, both making use of sections of the Long Path long-distance hiking trail. The southern route is still overwhelmingly preferred due to its gentle, almost level climb for much of its distance, allowing hikers to build up a good pace for a determined take on the summit. The northern route passes several scenic waterfalls and overlooks and requires almost 3,000 ft of elevation gain, the most possible on any route up a major Catskill peak.</p><br>
<p>A shorter third route from the south is possible if permission to cross private land is obtained first. All depend to some extent on the snowmobile trail. The unofficial Twilight Park Trail (named for a private residential community at the head of Kaaterskill Clove, at its northern end) is used in all cases to gain the summit.</p><br>
<h3>Southern route</h3><br>
<p>Starting from the trailhead parking lot at the top of Platte Clove, recently expanded by NYSDEC, hikers follow the old Steenburg Road, now the snowmobile trail, blazed both with large orange plastic discs for snowmobiles (rarely seen) and smaller blue ones for foot users (A color given on all DEC lands to sections of the Long Path not part of other designated trails). The cascades of a nearby tributary of Platte Creek beckon through hemlock stands, but are on private land. Vehicle tracks can still be seen as there are several forks leading to private homes in the area, usually chained off. Elevation gain is noticeable, but comes at a slight though steady pace.</p><br>
<p>At the last fork, a mile (1.6 km) from the trailhead a state sign indicates the distances to Palenville, the next place the Long Path reaches civilization, and other points of interest on the far side of the mountain. From this point on the trail becomes narrower as it is barred to all other motor vehicles, and starts to curve to the northeast, into state land. A yellow-blazed spur, the former Nature Friends Trail, only recently added to the state system, leads to the scenic Huckleberry Point overlook after a while.</p><br>
<p>The travel levels off from its gentle climb, and starts heading due north, as it crosses some brooks and the hemlock stands around them. Postings marking the back bounds of some private lots are still visible through the distance, as are some unauthorized trails to those lands. Finally some more gentle ascending into a more beech-dominant forest heralds the beginning of Pine Plains, 1.25 miles (2 km) from the Huckleberry Point junction, as the trail also begins to curve to the west.</p><br>
<p>Spruce, fir and other evergreens become much more common in this somewhat distressed environment, where the trail is often quite wet. Yet the scenery makes it worth the effort for many hikers, especially with the wildflower sightings possible here in the late spring.</p><br>
<p>Beyond Pine Plains, the forest returns to a more deciduous character as the trail remains level while becoming decidedly westward in heading, crossing many rivulets or streambeds, some offering picturesque mini-cascades of their own. Finally, at a junction 3.7 miles (6 km) from the trailhead, the Long Path drops down into Kaaterskill Clove while the snowmobile route heads up a slightly steeper slope. After several hundred feet (about a hundred meters), it reaches the loop.</p><br>
<p>From here, hikers can take one of two routes: either turn right (west), walk several hundred yards, and look carefully for a pair of cairns in the woods on your left marking the north end of the Twilight Park Trail (not yet official, but well-marked) OR turn left and proceed around the mountain, past one of the easily spotted plane wrecks. As the path curves to the right, you will eventually encounter a 5 ft cairn in the middle of the path marking the south end of the Twilight Park Trail. A combination of smaller cairns, surveyor&#39;s tape flags and old blue paint blazes have been used by various stealth maintainers over the years to keep this wet and sometimes hard-to-spot route marked. While not seriously steep, it is almost constantly ascending, responsible for the last 450 vertical feet up the mountain in less than a mile. The southerly approach is probably best, since the steepest portions of the ascent are to the south and are best handled going up rather than down.</p><br>
<p>It begins by winding through the notably scrubbier woods of these slopes before finally settling for a traverse up past some impressive rock outcrops, where it becomes more heavily trodden and easier to follow. Finally, just above 3,500 ft, it reaches a short but steep open rock face that requires some scrambling to reward the climber with a view to the north of the Blackhead Range, over Kaaterskill Clove, with Kaaterskill Falls clearly visible below.</p><br>
<p>Beyond it the path becomes even more obvious as the surrounding forest becomes totally boreal, with spruce and fir in every direction. Some gentle ascents alternate with level stretches before a last ascent into the small, viewless summit clearing. Distance is roughly 5 miles (8 km) from the trailhead, with a vertical gain of 1,455 feet (443 m).</p><br>
<p>Upon return, some hikers using this route prefer to either continue south along the Twilight Park Trail to the loop, or remain on the loop (which is often as wet as Pine Plains below it) to the plane wreckage at the loop&#39;s southeastern corner and bushwhack from there down to the trail just past Pine Plains in order to save some time and distance.</p><br>
<h3>Northern approach</h3><br>
<p>The northern route begins at the parking area along Malden Avenue in Palenville, just off New York State Route 23A. A woods road with the aqua blazes of the Long Path begins just past its end. It ascends, steadily and sometimes steeply, for two miles (3.2 km) up the side of Kaaterskill Clove. The trail switches back at the top of a small rise and begins to descend slightly to the two streams at the base of Hillyer Ravine.</p><br>
<p>After a half-mile (1 km) ascent, the trail reaches Wildcat Falls, where a ledge offers an excellent view down into Kaaterskill Clove. Another half-mile produces Buttermilk Falls, a two-step waterfall just off-trail. Just 0.2 mile (800 m) later, the old road ends and the trail begins to seriously climb over some steep slopes and narrow ledges. This continues for 0.65 mile (1 km) before joining the Twilight Park Trail. The junction with the snowmobile trail is another 0.2 mi uphill.</p><br>
<p>Via this route, it is approximately 7 miles (11.2 km) to the summit and 2,990 vertical feet (911 m).</p><br>
<h3>Alternate southern approach</h3><br>
<p>With permission from private landowners on the south slope a party can begin from the vicinity of Josh Road and follow the southern end of the Twilight Park Trail or forks of it up the mountain for the highest possible starting elevation. The trail is marked and even signed as it passes through some picturesque maple forests into state land, reaching the snowmobile trail at another cairned junction.</p><br>
<p>The ascent from that point follows the same route and terrain described in the southern approach above.</p><br>
<h3>Other possible routes</h3><br>
<p>Sometimes the summit is approached from Round Top by staying along the ridgeline, during trips where both peaks are climbed. Daring hikers sometimes bushwhack straight up from the loop plane crash to the other one, on the cliffs east of the summit. This requires going over a series of outcrops with risks similar to those found to the south of the summit. It is also possible to make a long approach from the northwest via unmarked trail through Cortina Valley (past the former ski resort). The chief challenge in following this route is routefinding on the ledges to the northeast of Round Top, where the unwary hiker can easily reach a dead end and have to backtrack.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Kaaterskill High Peak is a small, viewless grassy clearing surrounded by boreal forest. A rock in the center holds a reference marker for two nearby United States Geological Survey benchmarks at the 3,655 ft elevation marking the highest point on the mountain; the bolts themselves are on rocks in the nearby woods (one is on the southern trail five feet from the peak, the other is about 10 ft to the south in the woods).</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>Several other attractions on and around High Peak, besides its summit, have drawn hikers to the mountain and been the subject of detours.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Ledge</h3><br>
<p>Since the summit offers no views, most hikers choose to take their reward at this wide, open area above a sheer cliff on the south side of the mountain about 0.1 mile (60 m) from the summit. Indian Head and Twin mountains in the Devils Path can be seen to the immediate south (the latters summit appearing lower than High Peak even though it is not), with Plateau bookending them to the west. On the east, the Catskills drop away dramatically into the clove and a long section of the Hudson is visible.</p><br>
<p>The area is named either for the 1950 storm that supposedly cleared the view by blowing most of the trees down, or for the strong winds felt due to the absence of trees. It is the only area of the Catskills that feels as if it were above tree line.</p><br>
<h3>Huckleberry Point</h3><br>
<p>The trail that splits from the snowmobile route a mile from the Platte Clove trailhead curves back another mile or so to Huckleberry Point, a steep and ledgy area which, due to past fires, offers many places to sit back and look down into the clove. Since the route is mostly level, and the roundtrip considerably shorter than that required for the whole mountain, it is popular with those who hike only occasionally. Care must be taken at the Point, however, since some of the ledges also sit above sharp drops.</p><br>
<h3>Round Top</h3><br>
<p>Due to the easier routes available at the time, Cole and his contemporaries would prefer to climb this peak and sketch the views. Some of the views they came back with found their way into paintings, most notably Sunny Morning on the Hudson River. Since then, Round Top has fallen out of favor even more than High Peak but is still among the fifty highest peaks in the Catskills, and thus visited by some even more determined peak baggers. Its summit can be reached by use paths similar to those on its neighbor (although unmaintained), from the snowmobile trail near Cortina Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Brant Fort</h3><br>
<p>An old fort can be found south of the col between High Peak and Round Top at 2,540 feet (774 m) in elevation. Built at first by British troops during the French and Indian War, it was most famously used by Tories and their Indian allies later during the Revolutionary War (in the early years of which pro-British sentiment was quite common in the region, as many of its tenant farmers despised their pro-independence landlords). From that vantage point they could see down into Platte Clove and keep an eye on troop movements in the valley (likewise strongly pro-Patriot).</p><br>
<p>It was often the first stop for many taken prisoner during engagements in the region who were later transported to what is now Canada to be exchanged, paroled or ransomed, as reported in many captivity narratives. Joseph Brant, the legendary Indian warrior who fought for the British, stopped by for a visit once, giving rise in later years to legends that he based his fearsome raids here. The fort has been informally named for him ever since even though his real involvement with it was minimal.</p><br>
<h3>Plane crash sites</h3><br>
<p>The many aviation accidents in the Catskills have long been an attraction to hikers seeking a bushwhacking and orienteering challenge. The lower of the two on High Peak is one of the more easily reached since it sits right on the snowmobile loop, and much of the fuselage remains since removing the wreckage is not a priority for NYSDEC and its limited funding. It was briefly the site of a geocache, but DEC removed it as it was prohibited by Forest Preserve regulations.</p><br>
<p>The upper one is more of a challenge to find due to its location on the cliffs east of the summit. Faint paths can be followed to it, however, and a small piece of it was for a long time placed on the rock with the reference marker at the summit.</p><br>
<p>The DoubleTree Suites by Hilton Hotel Detroit Downtown - Fort Shelby is a restored historic high-rise hotel, located at 525 West Lafayette Boulevard  in Downtown Detroit, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1917, a group of investors sought to build an affordable hotel near Fort Street Union Depot. They hired Schmidt, Garden & Martin of Chicago to design the 10-story, 450-room hotel which opened that year as the Fort Shelby Hotel. The hotel was so successful that in 1926 they broke ground for the first of two planned 450-room expansions, the 27-story Albert Kahn–designed addition opened in 1927. However, the Great Depression halted plans for the second addition. In 1951, the Albert Pick Hotels Company purchased the property and renamed it The Pick-Fort Shelby.</p><br>
<p>An original mural by Louis Grell of Chicago was commissioned for the hotel lobby during the Albert Pick years. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, more business opted for newer suburban accommodations and the Pick-Fort Shelby struggled with low occupancy. Pick closed the hotel in 1973 and sold the building to three twenty-something investors who reopened it as The Shelby Hotel, a hotel/apartment complex geared toward youth in 1974, however, this was short-lived and it soon closed again. For many years, the Anchor Bar, a popular watering hole for workers at the nearby Detroit News and Detroit Free Press remained the only tenant until it relocated in 1994. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Preliminary preparation for renovation work began in June 2006. It consisted of structural evaluations, asbestos removal and environmental tests. MCP & Associates, a real estate investment and development firm, started work on this hotel in the spring of 2007. At a news conference on June 26, 2007, Ann Arbor Architectural firm Hobbs + Black Associates Inc. announced it would oversee renovations to the property. The renovations were led by Detroit-based L.S. Brinker, with the first floor Bar & Grill completed by Farmington Hills-based Mccarthy & Smith Inc.</p><br>
<p>The hotel reopened as the &#39;DoubleTree Guest Suites by Hilton Detroit Downtown - Fort Shelby on December 15, 2008. The restored hotel contains 203 guest suites, 56 apartments on the upper floors, a 21,000 ft&sup2; conference center with two ballrooms and 17 Breakout rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Tourne is a county park in Morris County, New Jersey. The park covers 547 acres  in three different municipalities, Mountain Lakes, Denville and Boonton Township. It includes bike trails, equestrian trails, hiking trails, picnic areas and play areas. Sledding and cross-country skiing are also allowed in the winter. Hiking is the most common activity at this park with several miles of gravel trails that climb a small mountain that has scenic views of the Rockaway Valley and east to New York City, which locals dubbed "The New York Overlook".</p><br>
<p>Much of this land was inherited and acquired by Clarence Addington DeCamp in the late 1850s. Using hand tools and levers, DeCamp built two roads leading to the top of the Tourne. Considered one of Morris County’s first conservationists, DeCamp encouraged local residents to accompany him on hikes in the woods and fields. In 1958 the Morris County Park Commission wisely acquired the initial 219 acre from Logan Steele and Dr. Lewis Hull and opened the park to the public in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Colbert&#39;s Ferry was an important Red River crossing between Texas and Indian Territory from about 1853 to 1899. Both the Texas Road and the Butterfield Overland Mail route crossed here. It was located on the Texas Road about southeast of present&ndash;day Colbert, Bryan County, Oklahoma. The nearest town on the Texas side of the river is Denison.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (MK&T) built a railroad bridge nearby across the Red River in 1872, which caused Colbert&#39;s Ferry to lose a significant amount of traffic. Frank Colbert, the ferry owner, responded by building his own toll bridge, which replaced the ferry. A flood soon washed away both bridges. Meanwhile, he resumed operating the ferry.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Civil War</h2><br>
<p>According to the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Joseph Mitchell, a Chickasaw farmer began operating a ferry service across the Red River about 1842. The service continued until Mitchell died in 1847. In 1849, Benjamin F. "Frank" Colbert, also a Chickasaw citizen, had moved to this area in the late 1840s, built a house and began to raise cotton and cattle, employing slave labor. In 1853, he got permission from the Chickasaw Nation to establish a ferry across the Red River. Later, he operated Colberts Station in his house at the same location when the Butterfield Overland Mail company established its stage route. Colbert transported Butterfields passengers across the river at no charge. The Colbert post office was opened November 17, 1853, with Walter D. Collins as postmaster.</p><br>
<h2>Post Civil War</h2><br>
<p>The Butterfield Stage ceased operating in this area during the Civil War, but Confederate troops frequently crossed the ferry when moving between Texas and Indian Territory. After the war ended, Colbert&#39;s operations became profitable again because of the cattle drives from Texas to northern markets. The town of Colbert began growing around the station. Travelers had to pay to cross the river in either direction, regardless of whether they used the ferry. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the rate schedule in 1872 was: "one dollar for a two-horse wagon, one dollar and twenty-five cents for a four-horse wagon, one dollar and fifty cents for six-horse wagon, twenty-five cents for a man and a horse, and ten cents a head for cattle or horses."</p><br>
<p>The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (MK&T) built its own railroad bridge across the Red River in 1872 and began drawing traffic at the expense of Colberts ferry. Colbert got federal permission to build his own bridge in 1874. A major flood destroyed both bridges about a year later, so Colbert quickly put his old ferry back in service. He then sold his bridge charter to the Red River Bridge Company, which completed a new one in 1892. This bridge was also destroyed by a flood in 1908, but the bridge company quickly replaced it. This structure was replaced in 1931 by a new free bridge, after it had triggered a conflict between Oklahoma and Texas known as the Red River Bridge War. After the conflict was resolved, Colberts old bridge was dismantled.</p><br>
<p>Colberts Ferry was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001057) in 1972. Only the footings of B.F. Colberts house are still visible.</p><br>
<p>Jabal an-Nabi Shuaib  is a mountain located in Sana&#39;a Governorate, Yemen. It is the highest mountain of the country and the highest mountain in the Arabian Peninsula. It is one of the most prominent peaks in the world and the third most prominent peak in the Middle East .</p><br>
<p>Its elevation is often reported to be 3,760 metres, but this is not supported by SRTM data or more recent cartographic sources. The height of the mountain is 3,666 m and is located near the Yemeni capital of Sanaa. Yemens second highest peak, Jabal Tiyal, is nearly equidistant from the capital as Jabal an-Nabi Shu&#39;aib is.</p><br>
<p>Jabal an-Nabi Shuaib may seem like just a rocky knoll from observation center like the Sanaa-Al Hudayda highway, but from its western face it is a massive mountain rising from about 1500–1600 meters. This side of the mountain halts clouds burdened with precipitation, causing that side to be relatively fertile. Atop the mountain is a military post with a radar and the shrine of the prophet Shu&#39;ayb. It is relatively difficult to be allowed to its summit, but restrictions have eased as of late.</p><br>
<p>Although the summit is not snow-capped like its counterparts in northern Lebanon and Syria, there have been reports of snow on the peak and frost in the winter is there daily. Wind speeds are very high at the summit.</p><br>
<p>Alto River  is a small river in the Póvoa de Varzim Municipality, whose source is located at the foot of São Félix Hill . The river empties at Estela Parish in Rio Alto Beach. The shoreline of Estela is also known as Rio Alto.</p><br>
<p>The Alto&#39;s minute estuary area is known for its wide sand dunes and has become a tourist destination. One of the local facilities is the Camping Park of Rio Alto, which is surrounded by a forest of pine trees planted by the Monks of Tibães in the 18th Century and the peculiar masseiras farm fields, which were also made by these monks.</p><br>
<p>Nearby are the Estela Golf Club, and the naturist beach area of Alto River. To the north, one can find the ruins of the Roman villa known as Villa Mendo, which was abandoned in the beginning of the early years of Portugal.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, two local individuals, knowing that ancient artifacts were sometimes found in the area, decided to investigate the place and discovered jewels, gold and silver. They decided to take the jewels to a silversmith. The silversmith, verifying the value and antiquity of the artifacts, decided to speak with Rocha Peixoto, an archaeologist who was in Póvoa de Varzim. Rocha Peixoto and José Fortes interrogated the finders on the location of the findings. Some time later, José Fortes published an article in the Portugália stating that these jewels were of the Castro culture. Several people tried to find the town that was probably below the sand dunes, but without success and only a few minor findings were discovered. Locals were known to keep silence about what they found. In June 1992, while removing sands, a bulldozer driver found a wall and ceramics, thus discovering the lost Roman villa.</p><br>
<p>Kambalny  is a stratovolcano located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It is the southernmost active volcano of Kamchatka. It has erupted mafic rocks. It has a summit crater as well as five cinder cones on its flanks which are the source of lava flows.</p><br>
<p>The volcano probably formed during the early Holocene. Three large collapses of the edifice occurred around 6300 BP; between the first two volcanic activity restored the cone, while the third occurred on the ridge on which Kambalny was constructed. The longest of these landslides travelled 20 km. The total volume of these landslides, 5 -, is the largest of all Holocene landslides, but it was buried at Kambalny proper by later volcanic activity. The collapse scar in the ridge is still visible and was the site of later landslides when Kambalny volcano was active.</p><br>
<p>Kambalny is part of a group of volcanoes from the late Pleistocene and the Holocene that surround the Kurile Lake caldera. Other volcanoes in that group are Diky Greben, Ilyinsky, Koshelev and Zheltovsky. Kambalny itself is constructed on a ridge which formed in the Quaternary during the uplift of the central part of a trough. This trough is also the site of the Pleistocene Pauzhetka Caldera and Kambalny formed on this caldera rim. The position of Kambalny is also controlled by the margin between the Kurile island arc and the South Kamchatka block.</p><br>
<p>The cone rises about 1,800 m above the surrounding terrain. The Pauzhetsky geothermal field is associated with the Kambalny volcanic ridge, and Kambalny may be the heat source for this system. The geothermal energy output at Kambalny is about 320 MW. Fumarolic activity along with the emission of, and occur in the area of Kambalny.</p><br>
<h2>Recent eruption history</h2><br>
<p>The last eruption from Kambalny occurred March 24, 2017. The last known volcanic activity prior to 2017 was in 1769. Future volcanic activity from the volcano may be a threat to the Mutnovsky geothermal operations. Further, additional large collapses of the edifice are possible, which may endanger hunters, fishermen and tourists., the volcano has no associated seismic station.</p><br>
<p>The ash erupted during a phreatic eruption 564–686 years BP is a marker ash that has been found as far as Paramushir island in the northern portion of the Kuril Islands. Tephras younger than this date have been identified as well.</p><br>
<p>Kizimen  is a stratovolcano in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.</p><br>
<p>The volcano was in a dormant state since an eruption in 1929, but on 2 September 2009 it was reported by Georgina Cooper for the Reuters news agency that the crater lake temperature had risen 10 degrees Celsius in a week and plumes of steam were rising from its flanks. The activity continued throughout 2010, with the formation of new fumaroles reported in November. Seismic activity and ash emission continued to build over the following weeks, and in January 2011 a hotspot was recorded, indicating the presence of lava. In early February 2011 the volcano sent a column of ash several kilometres high.</p><br>
<p>In April 2011, it was reported that the volcanic activity and ash were threatening the endangered wild reindeer of the area.</p><br>
<p>On 31 December 2012, following a 24-hour period of some 357 earthquakes reported under the volcano, Kizimen was raised to orange alert status. An eruption was reported on 10 January 2013, with the ash plume reaching 4,200 m altitude.</p><br>
<p>On December 7, 2013 activity at Kizimen and nearby Kliuchevskoi significantly increased, continued during November 29 - December 7, prompting KVERT to raise the Alert Level to Red. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5.5–6 km (18,000-19,700 ft) a.s.l. and drifted more than 212 km NE and over 1,000 km E. According to a news article, a warning to aircraft was issued for the area around the volcanoes. Video showed gas-and-steam activity, and satellite images detected a daily weak thermal anomaly. On December 9, the Alert Level was lowered to Green when the eruptions stopped.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is not well understood, and research has indicated that the volcano could erupt in a similar fashion to the catastrophic 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 122 East Pine Street in Georgetown, Sussex County. The congregation started in 1794 but this brick building was completed in 1844. It was remodeled in 1881 by McKim Mead and White of New York City in the early Victorian Gothic style. This is one of the 38 parish churches of the Episcopal Diocese of Delaware, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Many statesmen from Sussex County are interred in the churchyard, including Caleb R. Layton, Daniel J. Layton, Charles C. Stockley and others.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was organized on June 21, 1794 soon after the American Revolutionary War, after the Anglican Church was disestablished in the United States and the Episcopal Church was founded. The group acquired a plot of land on Front and Pine streets, though it was never used and sold in 1806. In the absence of a church structure, the Rev. James Wiltbank conducted services infrequently in the court house. In 1804 the congregation acquired the current lot at East Pine and Academy streets. They built a wood-frame structure over the next two decades.</p><br>
<p>In 1805 the Delaware legislature passed an act allowing this vestry to raise $1500 by lottery for the construction of the church. New congregations were learning how to support their parishes. A wooden church was constructed and on January 25, 1806, the Rev. Hamilton Bell dedicated it, though it was not complete. The legislature authorized another lottery in 1827 to raise $10,000 for the construction of an academy and a Masonic Hall in Georgetown, as well as for the completion of St. Paul&#39;s. This lottery was never held.</p><br>
<p>In 1843 the frame church was removed from the site and construction of a new brick church began. This structure was completed in 1844 and consecrated on November 19 of the same year. By 1881 after nearly 40 years, the church had fallen into relative disrepair. It was renovated and remodeled in the early Victorian Gothic style, by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White of New York City, distinguished nationally for designing a number of notable churches. It has been maintained in this style.</p><br>
<p>Rev. James C. Kerr arrived in 1885 and installed the churchs first pipe organ. The following year a Sunday School chapel was organized and a building for it was constructed in the 1870s. Finally in 1897 the complex was completed with a 29 by 43&#39; two-story frame rectory, constructed on adjacent property by John W. Messick for the sum of $1500. The Rev. John Warnock was the first rector to live in the rectory.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 USA Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. bequeathed St. Paul&#39;s funds to commission a stained-glass altar window; the work is known as "The Te Deum Window," depicting the faith of the Church as stated in the creed-anthem "The Te Deum." The window was designed by James H. Hogan of the London studios of James Powell & Sons. It was dedicated February 9, 1930 by the bishop.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places added the church to its list in 1979. In 1987 a fire of an unknown origin destroyed the parish hall, Sunday School classrooms and sacristy, though the sanctuary and nave were not damaged. These parts were subsequently rebuilt in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Partial list of burials</h2><br>
<p>The following data in most cases comes from tombstones in the churchyard, where some dates are illegible. Missing dates have been indicated by question marks. In cases where only some numbers are legible, underscores represent the missing number. Titles, positions and relationships have been included to distinguish people with similar or identical names and give further information.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Layton Mumford (? - 14 January 1894 aged 95 years)</p><br>
<p>Joshua S. Layton, Jr. (15 February 1843 - 5 March 1843)</p><br>
<p>Richard M. Layton (2_ July 1848 - 11 February 184_)</p><br>
<p>Harriet Ann, (11 October 1822 - 7 November 1824), daughter of Joshua S. & Sally Ann Layton</p><br>
<p>Laura Spry, daughter of Joshua S. & Sally Ann Layton (6 March 1838 - 24 May 1839)</p><br>
<p>Sally Ann, (? - 25 April 1844 aged 40 yrs, 2 months & 23 days), wife of Joshua S. Layton, Esq.</p><br>
<p>Joshua S. Layton, Esq. (11 January 1801 - 25 March 1849)</p><br>
<p>Harriett Ann, (died 10 September 1855 in her _8th year), wife of Joshua S. Layton and daughter of Rev. ? & Ann Manlove</p><br>
<p>Sinah P., (17 November 1810 - 13 November 1887) wife of John Sorden</p><br>
<p>Caleb Rodney Layton, (10 March 1826 - 20 August 1887), son of Caleb & Penelope R. Layton</p><br>
<p>Daniel John Layton, (14 November 1833 - 19 January 1916), son of Caleb & Penelope R. Layton</p><br>
<p>Penelope Rodney McKim, (23 April 1836 - 28 September 1917), wife of Rev. John Linn McKim and daughter of Caleb & Penelope R. Layton</p><br>
<p>Charles H. Richards, M.D. (22 November 1827 - 10 January 1899)</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Anderson Richards (26 November 1830 - 21 November 1922)</p><br>
<p>John Richards (? - 10 July 1863 aged 75 years)</p><br>
<p>Martha, wife of John Richards (? - 22 September 1880 aged 75 years)</p><br>
<p>Harold C. Todd (23 June 1921 - 2 March 1992)</p><br>
<p>Ellen E. Todd (12 June 1919 - ?)</p><br>
<p>Anna Hartung Layton (17 June 1862 - 1 April 1951)</p><br>
<p>Landreth Lee Layton (1 November 1860 - 14 June 1934)</p><br>
<p>Margaret Elizabeth Layton (14 August 1888 - 28 October 1974)</p><br>
<p>Caleb R. Layton, M.D., (8 September 1851 - 11 November 1930), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Annie E. Sipple Layton (18 July 1849 - 12 August 1925)</p><br>
<p>Daniel J. Layton, Esq., (1 August 1879 - 13 May 1960), Attorney General of Delaware, Chief Justice of Delaware Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Laura H. Layton (13 October 1884 - 28 February 1960)</p><br>
<p>John Marvel (1622-1707) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Ann Marvel (no date on headstone) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Thomas Marvel (d. 1753) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Huggins Marvel (no date on headstone) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Robert Marvel (1737-1776) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Rachel Chase Marvel (d. 1791) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Philip Marvel (no date on headstone) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Short Marvel (no date on headstone) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Josiah Marvel (1780-1861) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Amelia Daffin Marvel (no date on headstone) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Lovel Tindal Marvel (1787-1853) http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11395528&ref=acom</p><br>
<p>Devils Lake is the name of a few lakes in the U.S. state of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The largest Devils Lake is in Lenawee County on the boundary between Woodstock Township and Rollin Township. The community of Devils Lake is on the northern end of the lake and Manitou Beach is at the southwest end. Together, the communities are part of a census-designated place named Manitou Beach-Devils Lake that encompasses the entire lake and the smaller Round Lake to the southeast. The lake drains into Bean Creek on the southwest, just north of Manitou Beach. Bean Creek flows into the village of Addison about two miles (3 km) to the west and continuing south, ultimately turns into the Tiffin River after crossing the Ohio state line.</p><br>
<p>In Alpena County, Devils Lake is a long and shallow marl and muck-bottomed lake on the North Branch of the Devils River within the Alpena State Forest. There is another, much smaller Devils Lake in Alpena County, on Long Lake Creek, about a dozen miles (19 km) to the northeast of the larger Devils Lake.</p><br>
<p>There are two other much smaller lakes called Devils Lake in Michigan:</p><br>
<p>In Brookfield Township in southeast Eaton County at 42.437261&deg;N latitude, 84.737759&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>In Dayton Township in west central Newaygo County at 43.510016&deg;N latitude, 85.963948&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Devils Lake is also identified as a variant name for some other small lakes:</p><br>
<p>Devils Bowl Lake in Corwith Township, Otsego County, Michigan</p><br>
<p>Devils Bowl Lake in Watersmeet Township, Gogebic County</p><br>
<p>Devils Hollow Lake in Columbus Township, Luce County</p><br>
<p>Eden Lake in Eden Township, Mason County</p><br>
<p>Flint Park Lake in the city of Flint</p><br>
<p>List Lake in Elk Township, Lake County</p><br>
<p>Łupków Pass or Lupkov Pass  is a significant mountain pass in the Carpathian mountains on the border between Poland and Slovakia, and close to the western border of Ukraine. Its highest point rises 640 m above sea level. It is located just south of the village Łupków in Poland and east of Medzilaborce in Slovakia. Underneath the pass runs a railway tunnel 642 m long, straddling the border between Poland and Slovakia.</p><br>
<p>The Łupków Pass separates the Low Beskids from the Bieszczady Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel and the associated railway line were finished in 1874, to link Galicia with the rest of the Austro-Hungarian Empire across the Carpathian mountains. Given that it was such a vital communications link, the pass had considerable strategic importance.</p><br>
<p>Łupków Pass was one of the strategically important Carpathian passes bitterly contested in battles on the Eastern Front of World War I during the winter of 1914/1915. An attempt to stand on the line of the Wisłok river and the Łupków Pass failed before renewed Austro-German attacks on 8 May 1915.</p><br>
<p>The railway tunnel was demolished and rebuilt multiple times during both World Wars. It was rebuilt again in 1946 but saw little use afterwards. Only in 1999 was regular passenger rail service reestablished through the pass.</p><br>
<p>Island Lake is a lake in northeastern Manitoba in Canada, near the Ontario border. The lake covers a total area of 1,223 km&sup2, making it the 6th largest lake in the province. The lake is in the Hayes River drainage basin. The Island Lake River flows north from the northwest section of the lake into Gods Lake via Goose Lake and Beaver Lake. Gods Lake drains north through Gods River into the Hayes River.</p><br>
<p>A monument at the east end of the lake is a key point in the demarcation of the northeast-southwest boundary between Ontario and Manitoba.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Located on the lake are the First Nations communities of Wasagamack, St. Theresa Point and Garden Hill and the northern settlement of Island Lake which in 2011 had a combined population of 7,120.</p><br>
<p>Wasagamack had a population of 1,411 in the Canada Census of 2011 and St. Theresa Point had 2,871. Both are located on the western side of the lake. About 18 km (11 miles) east across the bay are Garden Hill with a population of 2,776 and nearby Island Lake with 62 residents. The northern settlement of Island Lake is located on several islands.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Obsha  is a river in Sychyovsky District of Smolensk Oblast and Oleninsky, Belsky, and Zharkovsky Districts of Tver Oblasts, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Mezha . It is 153 km long, and the area of its basin 2,080 km&sup2;. The town of Bely is located on the banks of the Obsha.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Obsha is in the northwestern part of Sychyovsky District. The river flows north, turns west and crosses into Tver Oblast. A stretch of it makes the border between Smolensk and Tver Oblasts. It crosses the southern part of Oleninsky District, a short stretch of the Obsha makes a border between Oleninsky and Belsky Districts, and downstream of the village of Antipino it departs from the border and flows southwest, through the town of Bely. In Bely, it turns northwest and crosses into Zharkovsky District. The mouth of the Obsha is located by the village of Ustye.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Obsha includes almost the whole area of Belsky District, as well as minor areas in the west of Sychyovsky District, in the south of Oleninsky District, in the northeast of Zharkovsky District, and in the north of Kholm-Zhirkovsky District of Smolensk Oblast.</p><br>
<p>Ivankovo Reservoir or Ivankovskoye Reservoir , informally known as the Moscow Sea, is the uppermost reservoir on the Volga River, in Moscow and Tver Oblasts of Russia, located some 130 km north of Moscow. The dam of the reservoir is situated in the town of Dubna. The town of Konakovo is located on its southern coast. The reservoir is connected to the Moskva River by the Moscow Canal, and is the principal fresh water source for the city of Moscow. Its area is 327 km&sup2, and the area of its drainage basin is 41,000 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Ivankovo reservoir is covered by ice between mid-November and mid-April. The water level fluctuated during the year: It dramatically increases after the ice melting, and then stabilizes until January.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir includes the lower course of the Shosha River, its right tributary, the Lama River, and the Soz River. It is subdivided into three bays (plyoses): The Ivankovo Bay, in the northeast, downstream of the mouth of the Shosha; the Volga Bay, in the northwest, along the Volga upstream of the mouth of the Shosha, and the Shosha Bay, in the west, along the lower course of the Shosha.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Ivankovo Reservoir (which includes the basin of the upper course of the Volga) is the whole central part of Tver Oblast, the northwestern part of Moscow Oblast, and some areas in the northeastern part of Smolensk Oblast and in the southwest of Novgorod Oblast. In particular, it includes the cities and towns of Dubna, Konakovo, Kuvshinovo, Likhoslavl, Ostashkov, Rzhev, Staritsa, Tver, Torzhok, Volokolamsk, and Zubtsov.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was built in conjunction with the Moscow Canal, and the northern gate of the canal is located at the east of the reservoir. The construction of the dam started in January 1934, the dam was completed in 1936, and the reservoir was filled starting from March 23, 1937. On April 17, 1937 the canal was open for traffic. A historic town of Korcheva and a number of villages were submerged as the reservoir was filled. The population was resettled, and some of the buildings were moved from Korcheva to Konakovo. In total, the area of 254.60 km&sup2; went under water.</p><br>
<p>The Scituate Reservoir is the largest inland body of water in the state of Rhode Island. It has an aggregate capacity of 39 e9USgal and a surface area of 5.3 square miles . It and its six tributary reservoirs—which make up a total surface area of 7.2 square miles —supply drinking water to more than 60 percent of the state population, including Providence.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding drainage basin that provides water to the reservoir system covers an area of about 94 square miles (243.5 km²), which includes most of the town of Scituate and parts of Foster, Glocester, Johnston, and Cranston. The Scituate Reservoir is operated by Providence Water Supply Board.</p><br>
<h2>Water supply system</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is formed by an earth-filled dam spanning the North Branch Pawtuxet River, about 3200 feet (975 m) long by 100 feet (30 m) high. An aqueduct from the dam carries water to a nearby treatment plant, which filters the water. Two major aqueducts carry the water from the plant into the distribution system. The original 90 in aqueduct is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and ends at the siphon chamber in Cranston, where it splits into a series of smaller and smaller conduits that supply the water delivery system. The other 78- and 102 in aqueduct is 9.5 miles (15.3 km) long and was built in the 1970s to supplement the original aqueduct. 75% of distribution is by gravity and 25% by pumping. The system consists of 870 miles (1400 km) of water mains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Providences original public water supply came from the Pawtuxet River at Pettaconsett in Cranston. The plan was approved in 1869 and the first service pipe opened on December 1, 1871. By 1910, with Providences heavy industry growing and the supply system being expanded to surrounding communities, people realized that the flow from Pettaconsett would soon fall short of the rising demands. For some years, extremely dry weather caused water consumption to exceed the natural flow of the river, and water had to be supplied by small reservoirs owned by mill companies further upstream.</p><br>
<p>In January 1913, the Providence City Council appointed a Water Supply Board to locate a larger water supply for the city. They found a potential source at the head of the North Branch Pawtuxet River and its two main tributaries, the Moswansicut and Ponaganset Rivers. A new Water Supply Board was appointed in 1915 with powers to enact the legislation that cleared the way for construction of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Construction was well under way by 1921. At that time, it was the largest project ever undertaken in Rhode Island, and workers were housed in a temporary village established nearby. The reservoir was created by the construction of an earth-filled dam across the Pawtuxet River near the former village of Kent. The reservoir began storing water on November 10, 1925. The treatment plant began operation on September 30, 1926. At the official opening ceremonies that day, Providence Mayor Joseph H. Gainer called the $21,000,000 project the "City&#39;s Greatest" and said ". the man to whom most of the credit for this undertaking belongs is Frank E. Winsor, the man who has been in charge of the work since 1915." The dam is known today as the Gainer Memorial Dam in honor of the mayor.</p><br>
<p>The plant was one of the most technologically advanced of its day and the only one of its kind in New England. It was renovated in the 1940s and again in the 1960s. It remains the largest treatment facility in New England today, with a maximum capacity of 144 e6USgal of water per day.</p><br>
<h3>Consequences</h3><br>
<p>The creation of the reservoir flooded much of the town of Scituate, including the villages of Ashland, Kent, South Scituate, Richmond, and the western part of North Scituate. Other parts of town were destroyed as Providence acquired land surrounding the reservoir. In total, Providence acquired 23.1 square miles (59.8 km²) of land. Most residents of this area were forced to move out of Scituate and received compensation from the city for the property they lost. Some individuals such as businessman and farmer Arthur Steere sold hundreds of acres for the creation of the Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Between 1920 and 1930, the town&#39;s population decreased by 24 percent to 2,292, the lowest number since the 1780s. 1,195 buildings were demolished, which included 375 homes, 233 barns, 7 schools, and 6 mills. The loss of 30 dairy farms limited agricultural activity in town. The Providence and Danielson Railroad, an electric railway line that carried farm produce, granite, and lumber to Providence, was abandoned due to the project. 26.4 mi of new roads had to be built to make up for the 36 mi of roads that were also abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Most people complied as they were forced to settle elsewhere, but some families were unwilling to part with the houses they had inhabited for generations. The Joslin family, which owned large mills in the doomed villages, fought a long legal battle, which they eventually lost. After moving out, the family built an opulent rural estate on Field Hill. The Knight family, while selling their property, set fire to their house as they were reluctant to leave. A few residents even committed suicide.</p><br>
<p>Kell  is a small extinct Holocene stratovolcano. It is located just north of the Zheltovsky volcano, within the Prizrak caldera on the southeast coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia.</p><br>
<p>Because of its remote and inaccessible location, most information about the volcano comes from aerial surveys. The volcano was discovered during an aerial survey in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Prizrak caldera has a diameter of about 4 km. It is located on top of the site of an ancient stratovolcano whose base has a diameter of about 10 km. The slopes of the caldera feature a network of erosional valleys. Within the Prizrak caldera complex are at least three partially nested calderas, each about 3 to 5 km in diameter. Kell is the largest of several small stratovolcanoes, composed mainly of lava, in the innermost portion of the caldera. The caldera also contains lava domes.</p><br>
<p>The innermost caldera is thought to date from the Late Pleistocene. The activity of the volcano appears to have ceased in post-glacial time; there is no evidence of recent volcanism or hydrothermal activity.</p><br>
<p>Outer Brewster Island, also known as Outward Island, is one of the outer islands in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area and is situated some 10 miles offshore of downtown Boston. The island has a permanent size of 20 acres, and consists of exposed bedrock covered by fertile soil bounded by a rocky shore with steep cliffs. It provides a nesting habitat for coastal water birds, including cormorants, gulls, common eider ducks, glossy ibis and American oystercatchers. The birds are aggressive during their nesting season and access by humans, which is by private boat only, is discouraged during this period.</p><br>
<p>Like the neighboring islands of Great Brewster, Little Brewster and Middle Brewster, Outer Brewster Island is named after William Brewster, the first preacher and teacher for the Plymouth Colony. The relative barrenness and rocky shoreline of Outer Brewster has resulted in limited human usage. A granite quarry was operated on the island in the 19th century, and a coastal defense battery, known as Battery Jewell, was built on the island during World War II. Both are now disused and abandoned.</p><br>
<p>In 1798 Nathaniel Austin bought Outer Brewster Island from David Wood for $400. Austin built an artificial harbor on the island and hoped to establish a profitable quarry. He built the house at 27 Harvard Square and 92 Main Street in Charlestown from stone mined on Outer Brewster.</p><br>
<p>The island was acquired by the US government from a private owner in 1913. Its primary use was in World War II as part of the Brewster Islands Military Reservation for a long-range 6-inch gun battery, named Battery Jewell and completed in 1943 along with a radar station. The island was abandoned by the Army in 1947 and subsequently sold to a private owner, becoming a state park in 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Virginia energy company AES Energy proposed placing a liquified natural gas terminal on the island. Political opposition from environmental, recreational and boating interests succeeded in preventing the proposal from moving forward.</p><br>
<p>The Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District is a historic site near Placida, Florida. It is located southeast of Placida, on Big Mound Key. On December 3, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Big Mound Key is just off the mainland of the southern end of Cape Haze, at the entrance to Charlotte Harbor. The archaeological site on Big Mound Key covers 13.5 acre, and includes four 20 ft tall mounds arranged in a rectangle, linear ridges, and possible canals. The mounds and ridges consist primarily of conch shells. A radiocarbon date of about 2000 years old has been obtained from near the base of the trenched mound. Most radiocarbon dates and ceramics are from the Weeden Island culture period, about 400 to 900. The mound was the site of a village, possibly the seat of a large chiefdom, serving as an intermediate trade point between the Manasota people of the Tampa Bay area and the Calusa people to the south. There is evidence that the chief live at the top of one of the mounds.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologist George Luer began investigating Big Mound Key after looters used a bulldozer in 1981 to open up a mound in search of Spanish gold. The land had been purchased by the State of Florida in 1978, but little was done to protect the site. After obtaining a grant from the State of Florida, Luer led an intensive excavation of the site from 2008 until 2011.</p><br>
<p>Khodutka , also known as Khodutkinskiye Gory (url= is a stratovolcano located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.</p><br>
<p>It was formed from an older stratovolcano, known as Priemysh, between the late-Pleistocene and the early Holocene periods.</p><br>
<p>In about 800 BC, an eruption that was accompanied by small pyroclastic flows, and subsequent emplacement of lava flows and domes, deposited tephra throughout Southern Kamchatka, and formed a twin maar (Khodutkinsky maar) on the WNW slope of Khodutka.</p><br>
<p>Khodutka is one of a series of volcanoes that surround the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, one of the oldest cities in the Far East</p><br>
<p>Volcanos, mountains, crater lakes and geyser valleys are recreational attractions in the area.</p><br>
<p>St. Pierre Island is a raised reef island west of Providence Atoll and part of Farquhar Group, which belongs to the Outer Islands of the Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>It has a distance of 736 km southwest of the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Pierre Island bears the name of one of Captain Dechemin&#39;s ships, who visited the island on 6 June 1732.</p><br>
<p>In former times, much of the island was covered with a Pisonia grandis forest, in which large numbers of seabirds nested. The coral rock was thus covered with guano. The guano, and since the 1950s also the rock and sand into which the phosphate had been leached, were mined away between 1906 and 1972 converting an island once densely forested to the current barren, pitted landscape. During that time, a small workers&#39; settlement existed in the NW of St Pierre, which depended on supplies shipped in from abroad.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is located 34 km west of Cerf Island of Providence Atoll, and 462 km east of Aldabra. This uninhabited island is nearly circular, 1.6 km east-west by 1.3 km north-south, with a land area of 1.64 km&sup2;. St. Pierre has a gently sloping seabed on the exposed southeastern coast and a steep drop off on the northwest, where the fringing reef is all but absent.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The seaward faces of St. Pierre Island are abrupt and undercut fossil coral cliffs, 2.0 to 4.3 m high and broken at one point only by a 5 m inlet to a cove with sandy bottom. Thus St Pierre Island is virtually inaccessible from the sea. In the center is a depression more or less of sea level. The ceaseless sea swell has undercut these faces; jets of water are thrown up in many places by each wave as it strikes blowholes worn out of the coral, depositing dunes of sand and coral debris up to 10 m inland. At the southeast shore of the island, the wearing-away has caused the formation of flat shelves, and the entire island is honeycombed by caverns washed out by the sea. Due to this, no source of fresh water exists on St Pierre.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Today St. Pierre Island is uninhabited, but in modern times it was inhabited for some periods. There is a derelict jetty at the ruined settlement on the north west shore, which is accessible by boat in the calmest weather only.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Today the island is barren except for a clump of Casuarina equisetifolia trees up 12 m (40 ft) high on its northwestern part, covering a third of the land area. The trees were originally planted as windbreak for the mining camp, and have unexpectedly thrived and spread. Most of the plant species once found on St Pierre are now gone, including the Pisonia, Suicide Tree (Cerbera odollam) and rosemallow (Hibiscus tiliaceus). Some Pemphis acidula might persist.</p><br>
<p>By about 1960, it was noted that the most common herbaceous plant was Stachytarpheta indica, while the introduced Indian Blanketflower (Gaillardia pulchella) had established itself widely. Sisal (Agave sisalana), Chinese tiolet (Asystasia gangetica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) and bananas (Musa) were found around the mining camp. Whether any of these has survived is not known, though the dropseed grass Sporobolus virginicus which was found in abundance on the dunes probably has.</p><br>
<p>The oonopid monotypic spider species Farqua quadrimaculata is the only known spider that is endemic to the Farquhar Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Gorely  is a volcano located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It consists of five overlapping stratovolcanoes and is one of the most active in southern Kamchatka.</p><br>
<p>Gorely is a large, long-lived shield-type volcano that is currently in an eruptive phase. Prior eruptions occurred in 1980-81 and 1984-86.Several complexes compose the overall volcanic structure:</p><br>
<p>- ancient Pra-Gorely volcano which measures 20–25 km in diameter</p><br>
<p>- a 12 km diameter caldera</p><br>
<p>- thick stratum of ignimbrites totaling a volume of 100 km</p><br>
<p>- post-caldera eruption cinder cones</p><br>
<p>- modern edifice – “Young Gorely” composed of three large superimposed cones and 11 associated craters forming a NW-SE trending intra-caldera ridgeline</p><br>
<p>- a complex of 40 modern subsidiary cones on the slopes of “Young Gorely”.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, activity began to increase, suggesting the Volcano was waking up. The Aviation Color Code has been raised to Yellow, and a new vent has been discovered on the inner South east wall of the crater</p><br>
<p>Atchison Village is a community in Richmond, California which was originally built as housing for defense workers from the Kaiser Shipyards. It lies at an elevation of 13 feet . Constructed by the Richmond Housing Authority in 1941 as Richmond&#39;s first public defense housing project, it is the only project funded by the Lanham Community Facilities Act that still exists in Richmond and one of the few in the nation not destroyed after the war. It is one of 20 public housing projects built in Richmond before and during World War II. The village was sold by the government to its residents for $1,512,00.00 February 28, 1957,  remaining mutual housing to this day under the name of the Atchison Village Mutual Homes Corporation.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the village is valued at approximately $17 million as of January 2007. It is covered under Proposition 13 as a single unsold parcel, thus limiting tax increases to 2%.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village includes 450 apartments of five styles in 97 one-story buildings and 65 two-story buildings. Every unit has ground level access both front and back and fenceable backyards. Each unit has a dedicated parking space and there is ample on-street parking near each unit on the public streets.</p><br>
<p>As of May 2012, units cost from $30,000 to $70,000. They are relatively unaffected by the housing bubble or foreclosures, since share certificates cannot be liened. The low prices may be due to the fact that title to the property is not transferred, but only the occupancy or use rights in the dwelling, making it difficult to take out a loan to buy a Right to Perpetual Use. However, the Atchison Village Credit Union may lend a significant sum against the purchase if the buyer has a co-signer with real property in California.</p><br>
<p>A maintenance fee, currently averaging ~$400 monthly, covers taxes, insurance, reserve funding, structural maintenance, water and sorted waste collection from curbside individual rolling plastic containers.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are landscaped, including a large park and separate soccer and baseball fields with bleachers. There is also a small children&#39;s playground, completely upgraded with modern Big Toys and soft ground. All streets have sidewalks and street lighting and are patrolled by the Richmond Police Department. There is a large laundromat and small supermarket adjacent, at First Street and Macdonald.</p><br>
<p>Point Richmond is within walking distance and has two small supermarkets, a post office, bank, public pool, fire station and library. Closer in the other direction downtown are a medical center/hospital, main P.O., and strip shopping center with major drugstore and supermarket. The entire neighborhood is on the National Register of Historic Places and is part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>The Atchison Village housing project is an example of the local-federal collaboration that provided much-needed housing and domestic support for World War II defense workers and their families. The modest, wood-frame buildings clearly reflect the constraints of time, money and materials placed on publicly funded housing construction during the period, but though simple in design, they have full-dimension clear fir framing and heavy interior plaster. Water mains, electric panels and all roofs have been upgraded at a cost of more than three million dollars. The sewer laterals throughout have been replaced. Reserves for such replacements are replenished through a dedicated portion of the monthly assessments, to avoid the sometimes catastrophic assessments condominium associations may levy when they ignore the need for maintenance of large structural elements.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>Just prior to and during the war, the Lanham Community Facilities Act of 1940 provided $150 million to the Federal Works Administration. It built approximately 625,000 units of housing in conjunction with local authorities nationwide. These were highly sought after and company managers were the most likely to be able to procure housing in Atchison Village during the World War Two era.</p><br>
<p>AV contains 450 co-op living units. Handicap ramps are permitted, and a majority of units are single story. The auditorium and public restroom is handicap accessible.</p><br>
<p>The population of Atchison Village became more diverse over the past several decades and is now increasingly changing through gentrification. Hispanic and middle-age to elderly White members now make up a majority of Atchison Village membership.</p><br>
<h2>Crime</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village is located in the Iron Triangle. Although this area was once known as the highest crime area of Richmond, within Atchison Village the crime rate is actually very low. The surrounding area is seeing less crime, as well. This is partly due to traffic control gates that separate it from the greater Iron Triangle community, with only one vehicle entrance/exit. In addition, there is a very active citizenry, some of whom have lived in the village for over fifty years and an excellent Crime Watch and citizen patrol in the evenings.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond police chief, Chris Magnus, has been very helpful in increasing police reaction speed to reports of suspicious activity and patrol officers are frequent drop-ins to Atchison Village meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Mayor Gayle McLaughlin endorsed the idea of a "beat cop" to be assigned to the Village at a subsequent resident meeting about violence in the neighborhood. The Village itself has acted to control unlawful behavior, since it does have the power to expel residents by cancelling their membership for gross violations of their share contract with AVMHC.</p><br>
<p>Recent placement of powerful security cameras at the outside of the village and installation of a gunshot locating systems in Richmond&#39;s high-crime areas has increased policing effectiveness and lowered crime. Prospects are good for continued low crime, since the current wave of home desertions is not affecting Atchison Village, which promptly repairs and auctions empty units. Vacancy rates now are almost always at zero. It should be pointed out, also, that due to the recent gentrification to a largely middle-aged to elderly white population, the prices of homes have increased sharply over the past decade reaching upwards of $200K+ whereas many members as recently as 5 years ago were buying in at under $100K.</p><br>
<h2>Legal issues</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village is governed by an eleven-member board of directors, elected at large from the membership. Currently, it is financially stable and is steadily building structural reserves. Member disputes are largely handled by private hearings and mediation. Members may, however, be expelled for gross infractions of rules included in the contract. This happens very rarely, however, averaging less than one incident in three years for 450 memberships.</p><br>
<p>Since it is a Mutual Homes Association, there have been legal challenges to its inclusion under the Davis-Stirling Act (certain sections of the California Civil Code which cover Common Interest Developments). The Corporation lawyer advises that the Corporation include it under the Act, although in a court case, DeForrest v. Atchison Village, the Superior Court judge ruled that technically, the Village is not included therein. However, most corporate decisions made by the Board do include consideration of current D-S regulations.</p><br>
<h2>Transit</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village is served by the AC Transit 72M bus line, which runs east from Atchison Village up Macdonald Avenue to San Pablo Avenue and then south along San Pablo Avenue to downtown Oakland. A recent addition is the Circular Shuttle, a free service of the City of Richmond, which runs on MacDonald Avenue, and as far north as Doctor&#39;s Hospital.</p><br>
<p>There are connections in Point Richmond for buses to Marin and points north and south as well as the 72M stops at the combined Richmond BART and train station to Davis, Sacramento and beyond. Freeway access E+W Interstate 580 is excellent down one mile of parkway.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>The Chevron Richmond Refinery is about one mile west across Garrard Boulevard, the BNSF railway Intermodal switching and loading yard and the Richmond Parkway. An accident at the refinery on January 15, 2007, revealed defects in the community notification system, and several members of the community were affected by fumes. Richmond City Councilman Tom Butt has made sure that this will not happen again.</p><br>
<p>Prevailing winds are from the southwest, off San Francisco Bay, but air quality suffers due to nearby commercial activity.</p><br>
<p>Currently there is much community environmental activism concerning a plan by Chevron to add facilities to process heavier grades of crude oil with more sulfur content (sour crude).</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: State of Florida</p><br>
<p>Turtle Mound is a prehistoric archaeological site located 9 mi south of New Smyrna Beach, Florida, on State Road A1A. On September 29, 1970, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is the largest shell midden on the mainland United States, with an approximate height of 50 ft. The mound extends for over 600 ft along the Indian River shoreline and contains over 35,000 cubic yards of shells. Turtle Mound was estimated to be 75 ft high before it was reduced by shellrock mining in the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The turtle-shaped mound contains oysters and refuse from the prehistoric Timucuan people. Archaeologists believe that these people may have used this site as a high-ground refuge during hurricanes. With bow and arrow, spears and snares, they caught a variety of small mammals and reptiles. It was constructed between 800 and 1400 CE., however recent radio-carbon dates it around 1000 BCE. Early Spanish explorers and subsequent mariners utilized the large mound as a landmark. Today, the site is owned and managed by the National Park Service as part of Canaveral National Seashore.</p><br>
<p>Visible seven miles out at sea, early sailors used Turtle Mound as a navigational device. The Timucuan experienced greater competitive forces for finite resources such as arable land resulting in increased open conflict. This is apparent in some of the material found in the Turtle Mound location where it occupied an important location along the coast. Archaeologists have recently found 1,200-year-old pottery on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The shell mound is a deposit of refuse; the majority of the mound is oyster shells, although no extensive excavations have occurred. The mound contains several species of tropical plants. Surveys have confirmed the presence of Amyris elemifera, Heliotropium angiospermum, Plumbago scandens, Harrisia fragrans, Sideroxylon foetidissimum, Schoepfia chrysophylloides, and other species. The site represents the northernmost distribution for several species. The heat retention of shells and the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean maintains warmer temperatures than surrounding areas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Currently called the Turtle mound it has had several names throughout history including Surruque in the 16th century named after the cacique (chief) and Indian tribe that lived in the area, Mount Belvedere (1769), The Rock (1769), Mount Tucker (1796), and Turtle Mount (1823). In 1605, the Spanish explorer Alvaro Mexia visited the site and reported natives launching their dugout canoes at the mound&#39;s base. Over many years of this practice, the mound began to take the form of a turtle, giving the feature its name.</p><br>
<p>The Portavant Mound  is an archaeological site on Snead Island, just west of Palmetto, Florida. On December 23, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Portavant Mound (or Snead Island Temple Mound) is one of fifteen or more "temple mounds" produced by the Safety Harbor culture (900-1725) found in the vicinity of Tampa Bay. The mound is four meters high, measures 45 m by 75 m at the base, and has a flat top that is 24 m by 46 m. Unlike other "temple mounds" around the Tampa Bay area, the Portavant Mound does not have a ramp to the top of the mound. There is a lower (one m high) platform, about 30 m by 30 m, that abuts the main mound. The Portavant Mound was made from soil mixed with debris from middens. Several other mounds, also consisting of soil mixed with midden debris, are near the "temple mound".</p><br>
<p>The Portavant Mound site has been the target of a stabilization project to protect the mounds from damage from river erosion, looting, foot traffic, and exotic vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The Camlin Hotel is an historic hotel in downtown Seattle, Washington. The story of the hotel is intertwined with the story of Seattle. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The architect for the Camlin was Carl L. Linde of Portland, a one time brewery builder, who had built the edifice to resemble an Italian castle. The 93 apartments had all of the latest conveniences, such as “shower baths” and dinettes and kitchenettes. The penthouse comprised the entire 11th floor.</p><br>
<p>On October 31, 1926, the Camlin Apartment Hotel had its official opening. The Seattle Times at the time stated,</p><br>
<p>“the exterior effect of the Camlin is such as to make it stand out from all parts of the city. Instinctively, the thought is born of the magnificent view of the Sound and Olympics which is to be had from the lofty windows in the rear of this edifice. Nothing has been spared in the way of expense in its construction. The Camlin stands as a monument to seat’s development, a mark which equals anything to be found anywhere on the Pacific Coast.”</p><br>
<h3>Finance problems</h3><br>
<p>The building of the Camlin Hotel was sponsored by Adolph Linden and Edmund W. Campbell, the President and Vice-President/Secretary of the Puget Sound Savings & Loan. However, in May, 1926, the month of the hotels opening, a bank employee had noticed some questionable withdrawals, and had brought them to the attention of the banks board. The withdrawals included $866,000 to finish the Camlin Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The State Supervisor of Savings and Loans, Mr. W.L. Nicely, after meeting with the board and looking at the evidence stated,</p><br>
<p>“This resulted in the meeting of the officers and directors with the supervisor October 2, when it was decided, with my advice and concurrence, that instead of closing the institution, the interests of the shareholder would be better served by securing an agreement with Linden and Campbell to make restitution as far as possible by turning over to the association all of their personal and other holdings, including the Camlin Apartment Hotel, under a trust agreement, and that, under the direction of the supervisor an endeavor would be made to restore the impairment of the capital of the association, the same officers and directors to continue in office, and the completion of the Camlin Apartment Hotel, which is under construction, to be carried out.”</p><br>
<p>It took a year for this trust to be finalized and put on record. It was valued at $1.75 million, and included everything that Campbell and Linden owned. The agreement was not made public at the time.</p><br>
<h3>Sale</h3><br>
<p>Before the Puget Sound Savings and Loan went under in 1931, the Camlin had been sold to the Vance Lumber Company, which already owned Seattle&#39;s Vance Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Building modifications</h2><br>
<p>In 1942, Vance proposed the addition of a cocktail lounge to the top floor of the Camlin. The penthouse, which had never been as successful as hoped, would be converted into the Cloud Room. At the same time, fifty new rooms were added, by cutting down the size of the original rooms.</p><br>
<h3>The Cloud Room</h3><br>
<p>In the ensuing years, the Cloud Room hosted numerous famous faces, among them Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Elvis Presley, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Bonnie Raitt, John Lee Hooker, and Elvis Costello. The Cloud Room had the smoky atmosphere of a speakeasy, with the comforts of a four star restaurant. Live entertainment was the main idea, and several acts got their start there.</p><br>
<p>With the recent purchase of the hotel by Trendwest, the Cloud Room was closed and replaced by penthouse units. It can still be seen in the film The Fabulous Baker Boys, (although it was not, as is commonly rumored, the location of the famous scene where Michelle Pfeiffer sings the song Makin&#39; Whoopee while sitting on a piano. That scene was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles).</p><br>
<h3>Cabana units</h3><br>
<p>In 1960, in preparation for the 1962 World’s fair, 52 cabana units were added, along with a pool and a sun deck for a total cost of $2 million.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses</h2><br>
<p>After 1960, the Camlin was home to the Italian Consulate, among other things. One in particular, a 40 ft yacht floating in the pool, as a promotional gimmick. When the boat’s bilge pump malfunctioned, and it started taking on water, it was even more of an advertisement: “Boat sinks in Downtown Seattle.”</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the Camlin Hotel hosted performers for the legendary Sky River Rock Festival in Sultan, Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Changes of ownership</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1980s and 1990s, the Camlin went through many owners. One owner, in 1990, was planning to sell all the antique furniture, but was stopped only when the state Attorney General’s office slapped a lien on it for tax evasion.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the Camlin was bought by Trendwest Resorts, to become the jewel in the crown of their properties worldwide. After more than a year, and $21 million in remodeling, the Camlin was ready to reopen and it is now known as "Worldmark Seattle: The Camlin."</p><br>
<p>Neochori  is a village and a community situated on the peninsula of Pelion, Magnesia, eastern Thessaly, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality Afetes. The village is hidden in the embrace of a vast pine forest 480 meters above sea level, and about 35 km southeast of the city of Volos. The community Neochori consists of the villages Neochori, Agios Dimitrios, Afyssos, Zervochia, Megali Vrysi and Plaka. The community stretches from the Aegean Sea coast of the Pelion peninsula to the Pagasetic Gulf. Agios Dimitrios and Plaka are on the Aegean coast, and the tourist centre Afyssos is on the Pagasetic coast.</p><br>
<p>A village square is situated in the centre of Neochori, adorned by the centuries-old plane trees and a roofed fountain dating from 1807. There are two tavernas and also a small kafenion. The Agios Dimitrios church below the square was constructed in 1768 and is truly remarkable. Externally, the church looks pretty simple, but the inside impresses with its wooden carved icon screen and the wall paintings by the Epirote painter Pagonis.</p><br>
<p>Neochori is famous for the slate of its quarries. Furthermore honey, apples and olives are typical products of Neochori and its vicinity.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Neochori is, like the name says, a "new" village, (neo chori=new place). In former times, the region was settled completely from the Aegean side up to the Pagasitikos Gulf. Neohori however was built in the Middle Ages by inhabitants of the surrounding settlements as well as by settlers from the Aegean side and from the north of Greece.</p><br>
<p>The history of the region around Neochori is very long. It started in the ancient world; we know about the myths of Afetai, the myths of the kingdom of Lai and reports talking about Minoan settlements, as well as settlers at Agios Dimitrios and Cape Klossou, which is named in many old maps as "Knossou". The historians Strabo and Herodotus wrote reports about Afetai.</p><br>
<p>Camp Eagle Island, also known as Eagle Island Camp or simply EIC, was a resident summer camp located on Eagle Island in Upper Saranac Lake in New York’s Adirondack region. The camp property, including Eagle Island, two smaller islands, and a staging area on Gilpin Bay Road on the mainland, was purchased in November 6, 2015 by The Friends of Eagle Island, Inc., a 501 tax-exempt organization whose mission has been to acquire the historic property to continue serving youth and otherwise maintain the site in the public benefit.</p><br>
<p>The camp occupies buildings originally built in 1899 as a summer retreat for New York Governor and United States Vice-President Levi Morton and designed by noted architect William L. Coulter. The mainland camp now known as Pine Ledge was originally a part of the Morton Great Camp. Camp Eagle Island was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, was listed there in 1987, and was named a National Historic Landmark in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Camp Eagle Island became a Girl Scout property in 1938, when the Graves family of Orange, New Jersey, gave the island to the Maplewood-South Orange Girl Scout Council. In time that council became the Girl Scout Council of Greater Essex County, which merged with a Hudson County council in the late 1990s. The last council to own the property and operate the camp, Girl Scouts Heart of New Jersey, came into being from the merger of councils from Hudson, Essex, Union, Somerset, Hunterdon, southern Warren, and parts of Middlesex counties. Eagle Island last operated as a resident camp in the summer of 2008 and, in closing, the Girl Scouts forfeited the camp&#39;s ACA accreditation. The Council board voted to sell the camp at a board meeting on October 11, 2010, although it took more than five years to find a buyer in the Friends of Eagle Island and complete the sale.</p><br>
<p>When operating as a residential camp, Eagle Island offers sailing, canoeing, swimming, hiking, campcraft, and various crafts. The camp had many traditions, including the singing of particular songs and a sequence of evening activities during each two-week camp session that included staff introductions and a final-night campfire, and ice cream sundae party. Facilities include a large dining hall, a modern shower house, and a recently renovated boathouse.</p><br>
<p>The camp had a capacity of about 140 campers. The camp season, for children ages 8 through 16, ran from early July to mid-August. There were also special adult and family events such as Work Weekends, Women&#39;s Weekend (a camp-like experience for adult women), and Family Camp.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sicker is a small mountain on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It is near Crofton, Chemainus and Duncan.</p><br>
<h2>Mining history</h2><br>
<p>In the autumn of 1895, three American prospectors—F.L. Sullivan, T. McKay and Henry Buzzard—discovered traces of copper, gold and silver on Mount Sicker and staked their claims. The following spring, they began prospecting and digging a shaft until August, when a forest fire devastated the western face of Mount Sicker. The prospectors fled the site, and their cabin and gear were destroyed in the fire.</p><br>
<p>The fire was, however, a mixed blessing. When Harry Smith, their new partner, returned in the spring of 1897, the burned area revealed a 30 ft outcropping of copper at the mountains 1,400 ft. The new strike was named Lenora, after Smiths daughter.</p><br>
<p>When news of the discovery became public, a staking rush ensued and within weeks the entire mountain, base to summit, was staked.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the townsite of Lenora was established and lots were sold -- $75 for corner lots and $50 for inside lots, with 1/3 payable in cash and the remainder payable in three and six months.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the first decade of the 1900s, Mount Sicker was the source of a number of mines—including the Lenora nearest the base of the mountain, the Tyee further uphill and the Richard III still further up the mountain—that would extract copper and send it to the Crofton smelter before being shipped across the world. The two main mines were the Lenora and the Tyee. One mine used an aerial tramway to ship the ore over the mountain to Stratford&#39;s Crossing on the E and N Railway. The other mine was served by the Leonora and Mt. Sicker Railway to Crofton. When the smelter closed in 1908, the mountain lost its importance to the economy.</p><br>
<p>The Lenora mine operated between 1898 and 1903 (when it became embroiled in litigation) and in 1907. The Tyee mine was worked intermittently between 1901 and 1909, while the Richard III mine operated between 1903 and 1907. During this time, the three mines reportedly produced 1,107 kilograms of gold, 22,955 kilograms of silver and 9,180 tonnes of copper from 229,000 tonnes of ore extracted largely by hand. The sites have been operated intermittently since 1909.</p><br>
<p>Many houses from the town of Mount Sicker were salvaged and moved to other communities in the Cowichan Valley, but some remained as a ghost town until weather, vandalism, and finally logging erased almost all traces. Mining activity has continued on a sporadic basis; in the 1970s a company was using a leaching process to recover minerals from the tailing piles. There&#39;s been core sample drilling around the mine area since then, so mining may return.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sicker can be reached from Mount Prevost Road off Somenos Road or from Mt. Sicker Road off Westholme Road. The roads on Mount Sicker are unpaved, unmaintained and not sign-posted, and there may be active logging, so visitors should use common sense and caution. There are good views of the Gulf Islands and Chemainus River valley from the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>UFO mystery</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sicker may contain the answer to a local UFO mystery. In late November 1980, Granger Taylor, an unconventional genius and UFO fanatic who had built a small saucer about 15 feet wide on his parents junkyard property near Somenos Lake, left his family a note saying he was going to travel on an "alien ship" for "a 42 month interstellar voyage" and he and his pickup truck were never seen again. Many years later, local newspapers reported that a logger on Mount Sicker spotted a crater in the ground and metal debris embedded in a tree. It is believed that Granger was carrying explosives in his truck at the time of his disappearance. RCMP reported that the debris contained a VIN number matching Grangers truck and that it was an apparent suicide.</p><br>
<h2>Weather Radar Station</h2><br>
<p>The south face of Mt. Sicker has a doppler radar installation. This station populates the Access to the station is gated, under video surveillance, and fenced. In addition to the main radar dome, there are multiple transmitters that relay data across the Straight of Georgia and to Victoria.</p><br>
<p>Cloud Peak Glacier is in the Bighorn Mountains in the northcentral section of the USA state of Wyoming. Centered within the Cloud Peak Wilderness of Bighorn National Forest, Cloud Peak Glacier is the only active glacier in the Bighorn Mountains. The glacier is in a deep cirque immediately northeast of Cloud Peak, the highest peak in the Bighorn Mountains. Cloud Peak Glacier lies at approximately 11,800 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Cloud Peak Glacier is retreating rapidly and is expected to disappear entirely sometime between the years 2020 and 2034. Photographs taken in 1905 and again in 2005 demonstrated an obvious reduction in the area the glacier, and more ominously, a huge loss of thickness. Between 1905 and 2005, the glacier has been reduced in size from an estimated 506,000,000 ft&sup3; to 78,000,000 ft&sup3;.</p><br>
<p>Lake Keowee is a man&ndash;made reservoir in the United States in the state of South Carolina. It was created to serve the needs of a power utility  as well as public recreational purposes. It is approximately 26 mi long, 3 mi wide, with an average depth of 54 ft, and a shoreline measured at 300 mi in total, and is approximately 800 ft above sea level. It began in 1971 as a massive demolition and building project, including the construction of two large dams&ndash;&ndash;Keowee Dam and Little River Dam&ndash;&ndash;and covered 18,372 acre of the state. The lake collects or impounds waters from the Keowee River and the Little River and others, and the outflows below the respective dams join to form the Seneca River which flows into the larger Savannah River. Lake water helps to cool Duke Energys three nuclear reactors located at the Oconee Nuclear Generating Station. In addition, the force of falling water through gravity helps generate hydroelectric power. The Keowee Hydro Station generates 158 megawatts from the lakes outflows. In addition, Lake Keowee has been touted as a recreational destination for fishing, boating, swimming, sailing, kayaking and other watersports, and the lake has been described as having pure and clean water. The name Keowee  is a Cherokee name roughly translated as "place of the mullberries." The former Keowee River, which was inundated by Lake Keowee, had been part of the Cherokee Lower Towns region, and Keowee Town had been located on the bank of the Keowee River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before European settlement in North America, the Native American nation of the Cherokee lived in the area and had a settlement called Keowee town along what they called the Keowee River. It was capital of the Eastern or Lower Cherokees. In 1753, white settlers built Fort Prince George across the river from Keowee Town. The Cherokee were historical allies of the British Crown, and were left on their own and defeated after the British loss at Sullivans Island in 1776. After being decimated by a large force of the Continental Army and South Carolina militia under the command of Colonel Andrew Williamson, the Cherokee from the Carolina highlands and Georgia petitioned for peace. The Treaty of Dewitts Corner, signed May 20, 1777, stipulated the new border to be the crest of the Oconee Mountains, and the Cherokee ceded almost all the land in modern Oconee, Pickens, Anderson, and Greenville counties of South Carolina. The Hopewell Treaty of 1785 and others reaffirmed those boundaries, while clarifying access for the bordering Cherokee to continue to use the hunting grounds along the mountainous slopes of the border that technically fell into the land of the white settlers. In the treaty of Washington of 1816, the Cherokee sold this remaining strip of land and its hunting grounds to the United States for $5,000 and relocated to points west in Georgia. The land that eventually became the extreme northern border of modern Lake Keowee was never again contested. Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the Cherokee to depart the region, and one estimate was that up to 4,000 of 16,000 Cherokee died from disease, exposure and starvation on what became known as the Trail of Tears.</p><br>
<p>Beginning around 1963 and continuing in subsequent years, a company called the South Carolina Land & Timber firm began purchasing land along the Keowee river for the specific purpose of "acquiring, holding, and developing land and timber properties". One source suggested that the then-called Duke Power Company bought 83,400 acres from the Singer Corporation as well as private landowners. In the mid-1960s, Duke executives consulted with state and federal authorities, and searched for a way to supply the growing southeastern region with greater electricity. They explored various ways to purchase inexpensive land, create artificial lakes, and use the power from stored energy to both cool the reactors from nuclear power plants as well as generate power from cascading waters by hydroelectric methods. The project was modeled in part on successes stemming from the Tennessee Valley Authority. On January 2, 1965, Duke Energy president W. B. McGuire held a press conference at Clemson University and announced plans to build a large complex to generate power, called the Keowee-Toxaway project, which would cost an estimated $700 million. Two days later, Duke filed for license to build the first phase of construction.</p><br>
<p>Since the project would require the flooding of a large area, Duke Energy worked with archaeologists from the University of South Carolina to excavate many of the sites in the area, including the fort and nearby areas. One participant in the dig built a model of an excavation site that can be viewed at the Keowee-Toxaway State Park. The Cherokee site of Keowee Town was another excavation site, and thousands of artifacts were discovered including pottery beads as well as remains from humans and animals.</p><br>
<p>A massive demolition and building project began. It involved clearing huge swaths of forest land by removing and selling lumber from the downed trees. Selected wooded areas were set afire to enable bulldozing operations. Some areas were dug deeper to increase the future depth of the lake and give it sufficient volume for its cooling purposes. Duke hired the Jeff Hunt Machinery Company to clear the basins for the Lake Keowee and Lake Jocassee sites; at the time, it was one of the largest orders for land clearing ever to have been given in the states of North Carolina and South Carolina; later, it hired the firms of Blythe Brothers and Clement Brothers to begin earth-moving operations commencing in 1967. In the first phase, dams were built on the Keowee and Little rivers to create Lake Keowee; in addition, a dam blocking the Jocassee river created Lake Jocassee. One estimate of the expense for this phase of the project was $83 million. At the official groundbreaking ceremony in April 1967, a red, white and blue dynamite charge was set off by then-South Carolina governor Robert McNair.</p><br>
<p>Three dams were built, of which the Lake Keowee dam was the longest at 3,500 ft in length, 800 ft wide at its base, and 20 ft wide at the top. While it is 20 ft higher than the Little River dam, it is 215 ft lower than the Jocassee dam. Both lakes were fed by the Whitewater, Thompson and Toxaway Rivers. In addition, the Lake Jocassee hydro station feeds water into Lake Keowee. The initial transfer of water began in December 1973, and commercial operation began on December 19, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Power generation</h2><br>
<p>The Keowee dam has two hydroelectric generating units, capable of generating 40 megawatts which is sufficient energy to power approximately 7,000 homes. In addition, a tunnel was built for the purpose of transporting water. The Keowee water transportation tunnel is 800 ft long and 33.5 ft feet wide and contains a maximum of 5,300,000 USgal with an average flow rate of 1,000 cuft per second</p><br>
<p>To cool the nuclear reactors, a structure called the Oconee skimmer wall was built which separates the plants inlet canal from the lake itself. The effect of the skimmer is to fetch cool lake water from a depth of 150 feet, which serves as a middle point in the lakes depth—it is sufficiently deep to be able to extract water during a drought or prolonged dry spell in which lake levels drop, and it is not too deep where inlet valves may become blocked with mud or other particulate matter.</p><br>
<p>Duke Energy closed the gates of the Keowee dam on April 2, 1970, to being the final phase of building up the water or what engineers refer to as impounding the lake, to reach an ultimate lake depth of 150 ft. The Keowee hydro station began commercial operation on April 17, 1971. The Oconee Nuclear Site was completed and began operation in 1973, and has currently generated more electricity than any other site in the nation.</p><br>
<p>Duke Energys Oconee Nuclear Station is about 8 mi each way from the towns of Salem to the north and Seneca to the south. Since it began operation, the station has generated more than 500 million megawatt-hours worth of electricity, the very first nuclear station in the country to achieve this. According to one estimate, it has a generating capacity of 2.6 million kilowatts of power, which is enough to power 1.9 million homes. In 2011, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission renewed the sites license for an additional 20 years of service. There were concerns in 1996 that the utility along with numerous other utilities around the nation had been using improper methods during the refueling process, but investigation led to corrections as well as increased cooling capacity.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>Since Duke Energy built the lake and uses it regularly for power generation and cooling, it exerts considerable authority towards its operation. It has management responsibility for not just the lake, but for the shoreline around the lake including docks and walls, and is responsible for the land around the lake up to a specific elevation. While it has significant authority over the lake area, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission "looks over its shoulder" in such aspects as whether the lake is accessible by the public. Duke Energy is also Oconee county&#39;s largest taxpayer. Builders and developers and others often must have written permission from the energy utility before embarking on any significant changes around the lake. At the same time, Duke Energy cooperates with state and federal authorities to manage the area; for example, in the summer of 2011, energy officials conferred with the United States Army Corps of Engineers regarding matters such as lake levels and making changes to nuclear station pumps for added flexibility. In addition, the utility has sponsored clean-up drives to keep the lake free of litter and pollution, and has commissioned studies to monitor "recreation pressures on the lake".</p><br>
<p>Residents who have bought homes along the lake or nearby formed an advocacy group named the Friends Of Lake Keowee Society or abbreviated as FOLKS. It was established in 1993 to represent the interests of lake residents in terms of environmental and recreational issues, and have taken such initiatives as monitoring the lake&#39;s water quality and watershed. An "Island Keeper Program" is an effort to reduce litter. The advocacy group has brought pressure to block proposed developments; for example, developers seeking to build a multi-use facility in 2011 including a restaurant, store, lodge and fueling station, had to face FOLKS members in a public hearing to get community input. The group is concerned with the lake area becoming over&ndash;developed, with too many houses or developments, which may interfere with the overall beauty of the lake. There have been concerns about overcrowding, light pollution, noise pollution, and stormwater runoff. Large-scale developments tend to cause greater concern. One estimate by the advocacy group was that there were at least 80 land parcels on or around the lake which had at least 10 acres each.</p><br>
<p>County authorities have exerted influence on what happens in and around the lake. In one instance, authorities raised concerns about a planned 12&ndash;story highrise condominiums around the lake on the basis that it might change the lake&#39;s "skyline".</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>The Lake is predominately located in the South Carolina county of Oconee, which is located in the northwestern section of the triangularly-shaped state near the Blue Ridge Mountains range. Parts of the lake extend into Pickens County, which is directly east and adjacent to Oconee county. The lake is within a few hundred miles of the following southeastern cities: Charleston 250 mi; Columbia 136 mi; Greenville 35 mi; Charlotte, 127 mi; Raleigh-Durham 269 mi; Atlanta 145 mi; Augusta 135 mi; Savannah 247 mi. Winters are generally mild with temperate summers.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Public parks. At the lake&#39;s north end, the Keowee-Toxaway State Park was built. There are other parks along and around the lake as well.</p><br>
<p>Campgrounds. The 1,000 acre Keowee-Toxaway State Park was created by a partnership between Duke Energy and the state of South Carolina. It consists of three different parks: 155 acre Mile Creek Park, 40 acre South Cove Park, and the 44 acre High Falls Park. An additional 373 acre known as Eastotoe Park is managed by the South Carolina department of Natural Resources as a natural wildlife preserve. Duke Energy also has created six additional boat access slips. Selected islands in the lake are accessible during daytime hours, although Duke Energy generally prohibits overnight camping, fires, littering, and making any permanent structures on them or removing any vegetation from them.</p><br>
<p>Boating. Lake Keowee provides a marina for residents who live around the lake or nearby. There have been boating-related accidents; in one high profile incident, a Clemson football player on a jet ski struck and killed an assistant track coach resulting in much media attention. There have been other instances of collisions between boats. To provide outdoor facilities for boaters, county administrators built a floating bathroom at the expense of $135,000 as part of an effort to "preserve the shoreline and protect water quality, citing complaints about diapers, toilet paper and other items found around the lake."</p><br>
<p>Water sports. The lake is a venue for a variety of water sports such as waterskiing.</p><br>
<p>Fishing. The lake has three types of bass&ndash;&ndash; largemouth, smallmouth and spotted&ndash;&ndash; as well as crappie, bluegill, yellow perch, catfish, brown trout and rainbow trout.</p><br>
<p>Swimming. The lake is suitable for swimming. There have been instances of drownings, sometimes because a non-swimmer was knocked into a deeper section of the lake or fell into a section where a hidden underwater current overpowered a swimmer.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>Area. Lake Keowee’s waters cover approximately 18,500 acre and there are 300 miles of shoreline. The full water elevation of Lake Keowee is around 800 feet. It is 23 miles long and 3 miles wide at the widest point. The average depth is 54 feet.</p><br>
<p>Drinking water. The lake provides drinking water to Greenville and Seneca and surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>Cleanliness. The lake has a reputation for having excellent water quality. One of the 110 communities on the lake, Keowee Key, discharges treated wastewater directly into the lake in accordance with strict standards monitored by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. The remaining communities have other methods to dispose of wastewater, such as pumping wastewater to a special site where it is "drip-dispersed" or using buffers or specialized filtration systems.</p><br>
<h2>Commercial activity</h2><br>
<h3>Real estate</h3><br>
<p>The area has attracted real estate developers who have built a wide range of facilities for differing purposes. One private developer in conjunction with authorities from Pickens County is building a multi-use "recreation complex" which features cabins, boats, restaurants, parking for RVs, campsites, fishing piers, a beach for swimming, boat docks and storage. There has been phenomenal growth since the 1970s; one estimate was that there have been 110 separate communities which have "popped up" along the lakes 300 miles of shoreline since the lakes formation, with 10,000 "buildable lots" which have 2,000 houses, many of them "multistory mansions," according to one description. One multi-use facility features a large park for dogs, pet-friendly trails, and open space including shoreline. There are reports that the area is becoming increasingly attractive for retirees as well as persons seeking a weekend retreat. A developer of a gated community brought in almost 5,000 large one-ton boulders to stabilize muddy banks along a creek feeding into the lake. In a section near the lake, developers built a mountain-top golf course as an amenity. Fire stations in the vicinity include the Keowee Fire Department which is assisted by neighboring companies when necessary. The approval process for developers seeking to build on large lots is "comprehensive", according to one report, with permissions needed from not only the Duke officials, but from community residents, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and 14 state and resource agencies as well as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.</p><br>
<h3>Vacation homes</h3><br>
<p>Homes in the lake area have been constructed and bought by persons seeking retirement as well as persons who love lake-related outdoor activity. Many residents own boats; summer weekends were described in one report as busier than weekdays in terms of boaters using the lake. Two residents reported their experience with a lake house:</p><br>
<p>Notable residents include INSP network&#39;s CEO David Cerullo who built a 9,000 ft&sup2; home overlooking the lake. One charity purchased a home for a wounded marine.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Education. There are numerous schools located near the lake, including Clemson University, Tri-County Technical College, and Anderson University.</p><br>
<p>Keowee  was a Cherokee town in the north of present-day South Carolina. Located along the Lower Cherokee Traders Path, part of the Upper Road through the Piedmont, it was settled in what is present-day Oconee County, the westernmost county of South Carolina, at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains, just north of Clemson. Located on the banks of the Keowee River, Keowee was submerged beneath the waters of Lake Keowee when the river was dammed in a mid-20th century power project.</p><br>
<p>In the early half of the 18th century, approximately 2100 Cherokee inhabited sixteen towns east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The Cherokee people were geographically divided into three regions: the Overhill Towns, the Middle Towns, and the Lower Towns. For the Cherokee, towns were the most important units of government. There were seven Cherokee villages, of which Keowee was one, and the rulers or chiefs of each had a substantial amount of authority. Keowee was principal among the Cherokee "Lower Towns". Keowee Town is translated into "place of mulberries." It was also known as "Old Keowee" to distinguish it from other towns of the same name.</p><br>
<p>Keowee was the birthplace (around 1770) of the father of John Norton. Norton, who became a chief of the Mohawk, was of half Cherokee and half Scots ancestry. His writings provide a rare American Indian perspective of the early 19th century in the United States. Norton spells the town name as Kuwoki.</p><br>
<p>When naturalist William Bartram visited the town site in May 1776, he noted no Cherokee lived there. Before then, the British colonists razed the town in the Anglo-Cherokee War.</p><br>
<h2>Role during French and Indian War</h2><br>
<p>The Cherokee played a significant role in the French and Indian War (1754–1763) (the North American front of the Seven Years&#39; War in Europe between Britain and France), allying with King George II and the British. The alliance came partly as a result of Sir Alexander Cuming, who visited Keowee on March 23, 1730 and soliciting the Cherokee as allies. This alliance resulted in the English building a fort east of Keowee on the Savannah River. During the French and Indian War, Nathaniel Gist urged one hundred Cherokee warriors to attack the Shawnee tribe in the Ohio River region, but only if this fort would be built. The fort, ordered to be built by South Carolina governor Glen, was named Fort Prince George.</p><br>
<p>The alliance collapsed due to mutual suspicion. During the Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761), the British destroyed Keowee and most of the rest of the lower towns. Keowee was razed during the first British campaign under the command of Archibald Montgomery. A second army under James Grant campaigned through the remaining Lower Towns and into the Middle Towns.</p><br>
<h2>Current geography</h2><br>
<p>The former site of Keowee Town is now covered by Lake Keowee, formed by the damming of the Keowee River to provide cooling water for Oconee Nuclear Station. Built in 1970, it was part of a multimillion-dollar project to provide energy for upstate South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cardigan is a prominent bare-rock summit in the towns of Orange and Alexandria in western New Hampshire, USA. While its peak is only 3,155 ft above sea level, it has extensive areas of bare granite ledges and alpine scrub, giving it the feel to hikers of a much higher mountain. Most of the summit area was denuded by devastating forest fires in 1855.</p><br>
<p>The Civilian Conservation Corps helped to develop the alpine ski trail network still in use today on the east side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is set in the 5,655 acre Cardigan Mountain State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Cardigan Lodge, operated by the Appalachian Mountain Club since 1934, is located to the east at the foot of the mountain, and is often used as a base for day hikes in and around the mountain. Many schools from around New England have overnight field trips to the mountain during the autumn and spring months. The mountain is also a popular destination for Boy Scout troops.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The bedrock of Mount Cardigan is the upper member of the Lower Devonian Littleton Formation (a light grey meta-turbidite) on its west flank (seen on lower parts of the West Ridge Trail). On the summit and to the east on the Clark Trail the bedrock is the Kinsman Granodiorite of the Early Devonian Cardigan Pluton (a foliated granitic body with large megacrysts of potassium feldspar). The Cardigan pluton has been dated by the Rb/Sr method at 411 +/- 19 MA. The metamorphic rocks of the Littleton Formation that make up the west flank are at middle amphibolite metamorphic grade. The Littleton Formation rocks were once deep water sediments of the Bronson Hill Island Arc and were deformed and metamorphosed during the Acadian orogeny.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Cardigan lies on the divide between the Connecticut River and Merrimack River watersheds. The western slopes of the mountain drain to Orange Brook towards the town of Canaan, then via the Indian River to the Mascoma River, the Connecticut River, and ultimately Long Island Sound. The south slopes of the mountain flow via Mill Brook to the Smith River, a tributary of the Pemigewasset and Merrimack rivers, ultimately flowing to the Gulf of Maine. The eastern slopes of Mount Cardigan drain via Brock, Clark, and Davis brooks to the Fowler River, then via Newfound Lake and the Newfound River to the Pemigewasset. Atwell Brook flows off a northeastern ridge of the mountain, draining via the Cockermouth River to Newfound Lake. The farthest north ridge of Cardigan is drained by the South Branch of the Baker River, with water flowing north to the Baker River in Rumney before turning east to reach the Pemigewasset in Plymouth.</p><br>
<p>Fort King  was a United States military fort in north central Florida, near what later developed as the city of Ocala. It was named after Colonel William King, commander of Florida&#39;s Fourth Infantry and the first governor of the provisional West Florida region.</p><br>
<p>The fort was built in 1827, during United States tensions with the Seminole in Florida, a tribe of mostly Creek people who formed in the early nineteenth century. Originally established to serve as a buffer between new settlers and the Seminole, the fort became an important base in the 1830s for the United States Army during removal of the Seminole and the Seminole Wars. It later served as a courthouse in 1844 after the organization of Marion County, but was eventually abandoned altogether. Residents took it apart to salvage building materials. The site of the fort is preserved as a National Historic Landmark near the corner of East Fort King Street and 39th Avenue in Ocala.</p><br>
<p>Archeological investigation has revealed the site was occupied during two lengthy periods by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, beginning as early as 6500 BC, more than 8,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations have revealed that the area was inhabited long before the arrival of the Spanish in the area. At least two periods of occupation have been identified: between 6500 and 2000 B.C., and 200 to 1500 A.D.</p><br>
<h3>The fort</h3><br>
<p>Fort King was constructed by the United States Army in 1827 to serve as a buffer between the Seminole (who occupied territory to the south according to the Moultrie Creek Treaty reservation area) and European Americans settling north of this point. It was located at the nexus of a system of military roads. From the fort, Fort King Road led to Fort Brooks (near Orange Springs); Fort McCoy; a ford at the St. Johns River which would become the town of Astor; Palatka, Jacksonville, and Fort Brooke (on Tampa Bay), among others. The fort fell into disuse after 1829.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, the fort was activated as a base for the United States removal of the Seminole to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, as part of the Treaty of Paynes Landing. The Second Seminole War, beginning in late 1835 in central Florida, heightened the importance of the fort. It was a center of United States military activity during the next seven years, due to its strategic location. Abandoned for nearly a year between mid-1836 to early 1837 after the Seminole burned it, the fort still remained functional until the wars end in 1842.</p><br>
<p>After the organization of Marion County, the fort was used in 1844 as its first courthouse. Eventually, the building was abandoned. Early residents thoroughly took apart the fort to salvage building materials.</p><br>
<h3>Recent</h3><br>
<p>The 1953 movie Seminole is set around Fort King, although the events portrayed are historically inaccurate. In the fall of 2017 a replica of the fort was reconstructed on the original site; the site is 37 acres of undeveloped, vacant land in the middle of a residential area. The site is owned by the City of Ocala and Marion County. Three historical markers commemorate the site: a Memorial Marker near the Fort Site, a National Historic Landmark near the former location of the fort (it was designated in February 2004), and a marker at the old Fort Cemetery Site. In 2013 the Fort King Heritage Association was formed to develop, promote and protect the site.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Walton Mound  is an archaeological site located in present-day Fort Walton Beach, Florida, United States. The large platform mound was built about 850 CE by the Pensacola culture, a local form of the Mississippian culture. Because of its significance, the mound was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Still reduced by time, the massive mound is still 12 ft high and 223 ft wide at the base. It was an expression of a complex culture, built by a hierarchical society whose leaders planned and organized the labor of many workers for such construction. The mound served combined ceremonial, political and religious purposes. At the center of the village and its supporting agricultural lands, the mound served as the platform for the temple and residence of the chief. Successive leaders were buried in the mound and additional layers were added over time.</p><br>
<p>This is one of three surviving mound complexes in the panhandle, the others being Letchworth Mounds and Lake Jackson Mounds state parks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Walton Mound was probably built around 800 AD, although Charles H. Fairbanks who excavated the mound in 1960 believed it was built between 1500 and 1650 based on pottery sherds he uncovered and analyzed. The mound served as the ceremonial and political center of their chiefdom and probably the residence of the chief. It was also the burial ground of the elites in the society. Archaeological evidence suggests that several buildings once stood on top of the mound, perhaps at different times throughout its use. These buildings were probably done in the typical wattle and daub construction common among Southeastern Native American groups. By sometime in the late 1600s the mound was abandoned by its original builders and lay dormant in use until the area was reinhabited by white settlers in the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate soldiers established "Camp Walton" at the base of Fort Walton Mound in 1861 during the Civil War to guard Santa Rosa Sound and Choctawhatchee Bay. As with many of Florida&#39;s mound structures, the Fort Walton Mound was first excavated by antiquarians and amateur archaeologists. The Walton Guard soldiers are the first recorded group to have excavated the mound. John Love McKinnon, an officer with the Walton Guards at the time, wrote a description of their excavation in his book "History of Walton County." McKinnon noted that several human remains the soldiers unearthed were from large individuals and probably belonged to warriors as indicated by damage they observed on the skulls, thighs and arms bones consistent with hacking and blunt force trauma. He speculated that the area they dug into was once a charnel house. Walker surveyed several mounds in the Florida Panhandle and noted that many curiosity seekers had dug into the mound over the years. Walker noted that Dr. S.S. Forbes from Milton, Florida, had excavated the mound previously and discovered bones and several clay effigies which he later donated to the Smithsonian.</p><br>
<p>Clarence Bloomfield Moore also excavated the mound in 1901 and brought many before unseen ceramic vessels and burial items to light. In 1940 the highly respected archaeologist Gordon Willey and Richard Woodbury rexamined the Fort Walton Mound and other sites Moore had visited. Their work here was mentioned in Willeys highly acclaimed work “Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast," which he completed when he worked for the Bureau of American Ethnology Smithsonian Institution. By 1960 Dr. Charles Fairbanks, an archaeologist and professor at Florida State University, was contacted by the city and he excavated the mound to determine the original size, shape, and construction method of the mound. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the Fort Walton Mound was excavated by members of the museum staff under the guidance of William and Yulee Lazarus. In 1971-1973 with the help of Depauw Universitys Robert J. Fornaro the mound was excavated to locate post holes and recover ceramic material that might fit vessels found earlier. The last excavation of the Fort Walton Mound occurred in 1976 by then FSU graduate student Nina Thanz (Borremans). Thanz was tasked with making sure the reconstruction of a temple building being planned for the top of the mound would not disturb any human remains or artifacts during construction. She found several post holes from different structures built on top of the mound and evidence for a charnel house. Her findings of post holes became one source of the dimensions to the building structure that stands on the mound today. According to the first curator of the Indian Temple Mound Museum Yulee Lazarus the reconstruction of the temple building that currently stands on top of the mound was never intended on being a "replica," but rather to "bolster the imagination and interpretation of the Indians&#39; use of the temple mound."</p><br>
<h2>Fort Walton Culture</h2><br>
<p>The mounds were built by the people of the Pensacola culture, a regional variation of the Mississippian culture. The site was abandoned by 1500 A.D. but the exact reason for the abandonment is unknown. It has been speculated that this was due to the arrival of European settlers, but this statement is unproven because the sites were already found abandoned by Spanish explorers years before.</p><br>
<p>The people are recognized as being one of the most successful pre-Columbian cultures in regards to agriculture. A number of crops were successful including corn, beans, and squash. The mound itself appears in a common architectural fashion for the period with features such as a pyramidal base with a truncated top. The flat top was used for ceremonies, temples, and residences for high-ranking officials.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park & Cultural Center</h2><br>
<p>Fort Walton Mound is now protected as part of the Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park & Cultural Center, which features several museums included with admission: the Indian Temple Mound Museum, Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum, Garnier Post Office Museum and Civil War Exhibits Building.</p><br>
<h3>Indian Temple Mound Museum</h3><br>
<p>The city-owned and operated Indian Temple Mound Museum features pre-Columbian artifacts found on site and from other locations, as well as a variety of exhibits on later Native American and Floridian history including artifacts from the European Explorers, local pirates and early settlers. The address is 139 Miracle Strip Pkwy SE, near the intersection of State Road 85 and USA Route 98, in the Florida Panhandle. The museum was first opened in 1962 and the current location was opened in 1972.</p><br>
<h3>Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum was the original one-room schoolhouse built in 1911. It opened for use for the community children from 1912 to 1936. Opened in 1976, the museum features early-20th-century desks and education items.</p><br>
<h3>Garnier Post Office Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Garnier Post Office Museum is an original small rural post office that displays the postal history of Camp Walton and Fort Walton with emphasis from 1900 to the 1950s. The site also served as a voting location. The museum opened in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War Exhibits Building</h3><br>
<p>Opened in 2010, the Civil War Exhibits Building features displays about Florida&#39;s history during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Pico Basilé , located on the island of Bioko, is the tallest mountain of Equatorial Guinea. With an altitude of 9,878 ft , it is the summit of the largest and highest of three overlapping basaltic shield volcanoes which form the island. From the summit, Mt. Cameroon can be seen to the northeast. Pico Basilé lies close to the city of Malabo.</p><br>
<p>Bioko was formed along the Cameroon line, a major northeast-trending geologic fault that runs from the Atlantic Ocean into Cameroon. This line includes other volcanic islands in the Gulf of Guinea such as Annobón, Príncipe and São Tomé, along with the massive stratovolcano of Mount Cameroon.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Part of the Cameroon line, the flora and fauna of Pico Basilé and Bioko as a whole are similar to that of the montane regions of adjacent Cameroon and Nigeria. Multiple range restricted species occur on Pico Basilé, and one bird, the Bioko Speirops Zoterops brunneus, is wholly restricted to the volcano&#39;s higher elevations.</p><br>
